Skip to main content

Table 5 Mean food groups, macronutrient and energy intake in breakfast in association to BQI score and BQI categorised

From: Time-related meal patterns and breakfast quality in a sample of Iranian adults

 

Mean (95%CI)

g/B

BQI categories

P trend

Low

Medium

High

(0-3points)

(4–6 points)

(7–10 points)

n = 231

n = 529

n = 90

Mean (95%CI)

Mean (95%CI)

Mean (95%CI)

Bread a

40.33 (38.29—42.76)

35.32 (31.76—40.17)

41.92 (38.06—44.50)

44.39 (38.76–41.47)

0.040*

Other Grain b

2.35 (2.01- 3.61)

1.45 (0.29—2.11)

2.98 (2.14—3.72)

1.57 (0.64 -2.85)

0.035*

Cheese a

15.33 (14.80 -16.74)

12.92 (10.86 -13.92)

16.55 (15.33 -16.81)

18.92 (16.86—20.57)

 < 0.001*

Egg

7.35 (6.42—9.81)

7.98 (6.24—9.74)

7.65 (6.83—8.90)

8.62 (6.86—9.48)

0.771

Low Fat Milk b

11.86 (9.54 -13.71)

8.45 (4.31–12.59)

13.45 (10.33 -16.81)

7.45 (2.83 -12.51)

0.036*

High Fat Milk

0

0

0

0

-

Butter

1.59 (1.32 -1.79)

1.82 (1.46—2.27)

1.45 (1.33—1.81)

1.23 (1.06—1.42)

0.146

Solid Oil

0.32 (0.26—0.49)

0.25 (0.1—0.41)

0.39 (0.26—0.52)

0.18 (0.03—0.32)

0.073

Liquid vegetable oil

0.73 (.61—0.79)

0.7 (0.54—0.86)

0.73 (0.61- 0.81)

0.52 (0.30—0.74)

0.491

Poultry c

1.18 (0.71—2.06)

1.05 (0.33—2.01)

1.04 (0.63—1.58)

0.35 (0.02—0.81)

0.005*

Red meat

1.39 (0.91–2.67)

1.45 (0.33—11.51)

1.26 (0.33—10.84)

1.80 (0.33 -12.36)

0.801

Processes meat

0.28 (0.08—0.71)

0.18 (0.03—0.50)

0.38 (0.04—0.76)

0

-

Legume

0.55 (0.42—0.71)

0.67(0.20—1.42)

0.55 (0.36—0.84)

0.35 (0.03—0.41)

0.189

Nuts

1.32 (0.8—1.89)

1.52 (0.03—2.74)

1.29 (0.73 -1.81)

1.03 (0.65—1.49)

0.643

Red vegetable a

5.34 (4.19—6.58)

0.68 (0.04 -1.42)

5.41(4.05—6.89)

11.79 (7.06—16.72)

 < 0.001*

Green leafy vegetable a

4.93 (3.60—5.57)

0.87 (0.13 -1.58)

6.23 (4.98—7.71)

15.03 (10.30—19.65)

 < 0.001*

Other vegetable

0.32 (0.01—3.45)

0

0.34 (0.06—0.68)

0

0.289

Fruits and fruits juice a

3.45 (2.09—4.19)

0.36 (0.06—0.77)

4.92 (3.86—5.22)

6.55 (3.33—7.51)

 < 0.001*

Sugar c

8.41 (8.01—9.76)

9.76 (8.43 -10.75)

8.47 (7.49—8.98)

7.21 (2.37—11.41)

0.032*

Sweet and cake

6.94 (5.73—9.72)

9.65(6.75 -12.83)

5.87 (4.33 -7.91)

6.15 (2.63—11.01)

0.163

Salty snack

0.04 (0.01- 0.61)

0

0.06 (0.02—0.16)

0

-

Black tea

148.32 (145.11—154.50)

152.32 (141.4—157.52)

148.33 (141.11—155.13)

137.20 (124.1–144.2)

0.215

Herbal tea

0.27 (0.03—0.59)

0

0.42 (0.06—0.92)

0

-

Coffee

0.59 (0.21—0.89)

0.53 (0.06 -1.21)

0.45 (0.01—0.88)

0.87 (0.03—2.51)

0.901

Energy a(Kcal/B)

416.1 (411.6—419.4)

374.6 (360.06—398.14)

428.9 (415.11—441.08)

438.5 (414.6—461.20)

 < 0.001*

Carbohydrate a

66.48 (64.80—69.53)

61.28 (57.06—65.03)

63.32 (65.83 – 69.93)

70.79 (66.50 -74.13)

0.006*

Protein

13.03 (12.31–13.86)

12.13 (10.13 -13.26)

13.50 (12.31 -14.06)

13.93 (12.33—13.89)

0.318

Fat

12.63 (12.09 -13.71)

12.01 (11.09 -13.01)

13.53 (12.39 – 13.66)

13.58 (12.29—14.52)

0.551

  1. Mean and confidence interval 95% (CI 95%) are presented. ANOVA analysis was used. The Bonferroni's multiple comparison was applied for comparing means across categories of BQI
  2. Abbreviations: g/B gram intake per breakfast, Kcal/B kilocalorie intake per breakfast
  3. a Means are significantly increased across BQI categories (p < 0.05)
  4. b Means are significantly different between Low and Medium BQI categories (p < 0.05)
  5. c Means are significantly decreased across BQI categories (p < 0.05)
  6. * P value is considered significant at < 0.05