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Table 4 Logistic regression results showing the overall relationship between child feeding index and Childhood anaemia and stunting and their Co-occurrence among children 6 to 23 monthsa

From: Infant and young child feeding practices are associated with childhood anaemia and stunting in sub-Saharan Africa

 

Indicator of malnutrition

Anaemia

Stunted

CAS

Child feeding indexb

1.08***

0.83***

0.86***

 

(1.049—1.108)

(0.805—0.848)

(0.836—0.884)

High wealth (Yes)c

0.91**

0.76***

0.75***

 

(0.833—0.987)

(0.696—0.824)

(0.690—0.824)

Household size (#)

1.04***

0.97***

0.98***

 

(1.034—1.054)

(0.960—0.974)

(0.978—0.992)

Household head (Male)

1

0.92*

0.92

 

(0.915—1.092)

(0.851—1.004)

(0.837—1.006)

Household head’s education (At least secondary)

0.83***

0.78***

0.76***

 

(0.754—0.910)

(0.718—0.849)

(0.696—0.836)

Improved water source for drinking (Yes)d

0.99

0.99

1.02

 

(0.921—1.069)

(0.930—1.064)

(0.949—1.091)

Improved sanitation (Yes)e

0.90***

0.82***

0.81***

 

(0.831—0.972)

(0.764—0.885)

(0.745—0.869)

Caregiver’s age (1 = 25 to 49 y; 0 = 15 to 24 y)

0.75***

0.94*

0.87***

 

(0.699—0.811)

(0.880—1.006)

(0.813—0.938)

Caregiver’s education (At least secondary)

0.72***

0.73***

0.69***

 

(0.656—0.794)

(0.666—0.810)

(0.616—0.767)

Child had diarrhoea in past 2 wk. (Yes)

1.03

1.13***

1.13***

 

(0.945—1.116)

(1.047—1.216)

(1.040—1.230)

Child had fever in past 2 wk. (Yes)

1.34***

1.01

1.12***

 

(1.230—1.453)

(0.941—1.090)

(1.037—1.213)

Child given iron tablet in past 6 mo (Yes)

1.07

1.01

1.01

 

(0.939—1.214)

(0.906—1.130)

(0.898—1.134)

Observations

29,408

29,408

29,408

  1. aCAS: Co-occurrence of anaemia (haemoglobin level < 11.0 mmol/L) and stunting (length/height-for-age Z-score < -2). Values are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) from logistic regression models. Adjusted models are multiple logistic regression with CAS as the dependent variable controlling for all covariates shown; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.05
  2. bChild Feeding Index: A child feeding index was created based on age-specific (6 to 8 months, 9 to 23 months) feeding recommendations on breastfeeding, use of feeding bottle, diet diversity, and meal frequency (Kramer, 2012 [22]; Ruel and Menon, 2002 [17]; WHO, 2010 [21, 24])
  3. cWealth quintiles were calculated from an asset-based wealth index using assigned asset weights from a principal components analysis to create standardized asset scores
  4. dImproved water source: piped household water connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected dug well, protected spring and rainwater
  5. eImproved sanitation: ventilated improved pit latrines and pit latrines with a slab or covered pit; NB: There is no data on wealth for South Africa