Table 1 General characteristics of participants across two groups of GI and GL

Education%(n)

 Illiterate

33.3 (1)

66.7 (2)

0.00 (0)

0.28

66.7 (2)

33.3 (1)

0.00 (0)

0.38

 Primary education

23.1 (3)

15.4 (2)

61.5 (8)

23.1 (3)

46.2 (6)

30.8 (4)

 intermediate Education

17.6 (3)

35.3 (6)

47.1 (8)

41.2 (7)

17.6 (3)

41.2 (7)

 High school education

28.6 (2)

42.9 (3)

28.6 (2)

0.00 (0)

71.4 (5)

28.6 (2)

 Diploma

30.9 (25)

29.6 (24)

39.5 (32)

28.4 (23)

34.6 (28)

37.0 (30)

 Postgraduate education

43.5 (10)

30.4 (7)

26.1(6)

39.1 (9)

34.8 (8)

26.1(6)

 Bachelor's degree and higher

36.9 (48)

36.2 (47)

26.9 (35)

36.9 (48)

30.8 (40)

32.3 (42)

Job%(n)

 Housekeeper

31.7 (51)

34.8 (56)

33.5 (54)

0.66

29.2 (47)

35.4 (57)

35.4 (57)

0.51

 Labor

0.0

33.3 (1)

66.7 (2)

33.3 (1)

0.00 (0)

66.7 (2)

 Management employee

31.9 (15)

34.0(16)

34 (16)

44.7 (21)

31.9 (15)

23.4 (11)

 Non-managerial employee

50.0 (18)

22.2 (8)

27.8 (10)

41.7 (15)

30.6 (11)

27.8 (10)

 household jobs

16.7 (1)

50.0 (3)

33.3 (2)

50.0 (3)

16.7 (1)

33.3 (2)

University student

29.4 (5)

41.2 (7)

29.4 (5)

23.5 (4)

29.4 (5)

47.1 (8)

Marriage%(n)

 Married

35.2 (76)

31.00 (67)

33.8 (73)

0.68

35.2 (76)

32.9 (71)

31.9 (69)

0.31

 Single

30.00 (15)

42.00 (21)

28.0 (14)

32.0 (16)

32.0 (16)

36.0 (18)

 Away from spouse more than 6 month

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

100.0 (1)

0.0 (0)

100 (1)

0.00 (0)

 Dead spouse

0.0 (0)

50.0 (1)

50.0 (1)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0

100.0 (2)

 Divorce

20.0 (1)

40.0 (2)

40.0 (2)

0.0 (0)

60.0(3)

40.0 (2)

Supplementation%(n)

 Yes

36.9 (48)

29.2 (38)

33.8 (44)

0.82

31.5 (41)

32.3 (42)

36.2 (47)

0.42

 No

37.0 (34)

32.6 (30)

30.4 (28)

38.0 (35)

33.7 (31)

28.3 (26)

Smoking%(n)

 Yes

37.5 (6)

18.8 (3)

43.8 (7)

0.44

12.5 (2)

43.8 (7)

43.8 (7)

0.18

 No

33.3 (86)

33.7 (87)

32.9 (85)

34.9 (90)

32.2 (83)

32.9 (85)

Age (y)

36.67 ± 8.44

37.92 ± 8.66

35.61 ± 8.29

0.40

37.70 ± 8.93

36.47 ± 8.30

35.40 ± 8.07

0.18

Weight (kg)

79.05 ± 11.56

79.84 ± 8.62

79.13 ± 10.81

0.85

78.70 ± 10.87

79.87 ± 10.07

79.46 ± 10.24

0.74

BMI (kg/m²⁾

29.91 ± 3.73

30.70 ± 2.98

30.94 ± 3.98

0.13

30.29 ± 3.84

30.72 ± 3.12

30.54 ± 3.84

0.72

WC (cm)

97.52 ± 10.13

98.55 ± 7.30

97.91 ± 9.48

0.73

97.36 ± 9.74

98.54 ± 8.41

98.07 ± 8.97

0.67

WHR (ratio)

0.93 ± 0.05

0.93 ± 0.04

0.92 ± 0.04

0.39

0.92 ± 0.05

0.93 ± 0.05

0.92 ± 0.04

0.78

FFM (kg)

46.72 ± 5.83

46.57 ± 5.06

46.08 ± 5.00

0.69

46.13 ± 5.44

46.41 ± 5.63

46.83 ± 4.83

0.66

BFM (kg)

32.31 ± 7.44

32.96 ± 5.87

33.61 ± 8.33

0.48

32.16 ± 7.37

33.48 ± 6.46

33.25 ± 7.96

0.42

FBS (mg/dl)

86.62 ± 8.40

87.60 ± 10.32

87.97 ± 10.36

0.66

86.97 ± 10.04

88.86 ± 9.82

86.55 ± 9.13

0.31

TG (mg/dl)

121.95 ± 72.62

125.17 ± 71.17

116.88 ± 66.59

0.76

123.62 ± 72.88

119.67 ± 69.43

120.67 ± 68.38

0.93

Total cholesterol (g/dl)

176.26 ± 32.79

194.01 ± 40.54

182.59 ± 32.85

0.007

183.32 ± 37.58

191.38 ± 39.28

179.15 ± 31.24

0.12

LDL (mg/dl)

91.87 ± 23.42

97.10 ± 26.54

94.86 ± 21.94

0.38

96.67 ± 24.75

94.52 ± 26.72

92.28 ± 20.93

0.50

HDL (mg/dl)

46.83 ± 11.75

47.67 ± 10.90

45.81 ± 10.04

0.58

47.12 ± 11.51

47.32 ± 11.22

46.02 ± 10.13

0.73

HOMA index

3.12 ± 1.17

3.41 ± 1.36

3.51 ± 1.33

0.15

3.43 ± 1.39

3.35 ± 1.22

3.23 ± 1.25

0.61

hs-CRP (mg/l)

3.87 ± 4.47

4.21 ± 4.73

4.65 ± 4.78

0.59

4.68 ± 4.87

3.51 ± 4.74

4.32 ± 4.29

0.31

SBP

109.37 ± 12.61

113.30 ± 14.33

110.82 ± 13.34

0.14

110.82 ± 12.51

111.03 ± 13.86

111.68 ± 14.21

0.90

DBP

75.80 ± 8.42

78.18 ± 9.71

78.77 ± 10.51

0.09

77.40 ± 8.36

77.24 ± 9.93

78.10 ± 10.57

0.82

PA (met-min/w)

1032.81 ± 1085.08

960.10 ± 1190.98

937.30 ± 907.63

0.84

919.50 ± 984.98

963.82 ± 1056.73

1054.42 ± 1176.35

0.72