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Table 3 Energy-adjusted dietary intakes across two groups of GL and GI

From: The association between glycemic index and glycemic load and quality of life among overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study

Variables

 

GI

 

GL

T1

T2

T3

P -value

T1

T2

T3

P -value

Vitamin A (RAE)

809.72 ± 353.09

711.06 ± 347.07

794.62 ± 475.58

0.12

607.02 ± 309.02

776.36 ± 387.25

932.02 ± 444.53

0.50

Vitamin E (mg/day)

16.52 ± 8.38

17.36 ± 10.20

17.72 ± 8.90

0.74

15.62 ± 9.63

17.16 ± 9.89

18.82 ± 7.65

0.002

Vitamin B1 (mg/day)

2.02 ± 0.63

1.97 ± 0.57

2.23 ± 0.71

0.53

1.54 ± 0.42

1.99 ± 0.39

2.70 ± 0.51

0.03

Vitamin B2 (mg/day)

2.20 ± 0.74

2.07 ± 0.90

2.31 ± 0.76

0.12

1.68 ± 0.55

2.10 ± 0.56

2.79 ± 0.85

0.42

Vitamin B3 (mg/day)

25.29 ± 10.18

23.60 ± 7.92

26.36 ± 8.43

0.04

18.73 ± 5.22

24.52 ± 7.80

32.00 ± 8.00

0.80

Vitamin B5 (mg/day)

6.60 ± 2.15

6.20 ± 2.97

6.60 ± 1.94

0.01

4.96 ± 1.48

6.20 ± 1.48

8.24 ± 2.71

0.88

Vitamin B6 (mg/day)

2.19 ± 0.75

2.04 ± 0.65

2.22 ± 0.67

0.003

1.61 ± 0.43

2.12 ± 0.57

2.72 ± 0.56

0.46

Vitamin B9 (μg/day)

616.97 ± 192.73

660.14 ± 203.31

747.05 ± 233.48

0.01

469.14 ± 126.41

641.43 ± 125.07

886.58 ± 177.50

 < 0.001

VitaminB12 (μg/day)

4.61 ± 2.51

3.82 ± 1.72

4.57 ± 2.79

0.03

3.61 ± 1.65

3.99 ± 1.78

5.41 ± 3.11

0.01

Vitamin C (mg/day)

188.21 ± 109.22

202.73 ± 152.23

196.18 ± 109.01

0.12

122.21 ± 60.43

196.96 ± 103.33

267.94 ± 148.41

0.01

Vitamin D (μg/day)

2.24 ± 1.77

1.75 ± 1.67

1.90 ± 1.40

0.02

1.69 ± 1.34

1.85 ± 1.34

2.35 ± 2.05

0.08

Vitamin K (μg/day)

215.44 ± 121.96

188.61 ± 147.79

219.45 ± 260.07

0.59

162.26 ± 100.74

232.58 ± 268.02

228.66 ± 140.63

0.16

Biotin (μg/day)

40.78 ± 14.21

36.22 ± 21.10

38.15 ± 14.29

0.005

29.96 ± 11.96

37.94 ± 12.83

47.26 ± 20.08

0.69

Carbohydrate(g/day)

349.27 ± 108.42

362.72 ± 118.58

403.36 ± 126.14

0.15

256.64 ± 55.61

355.36 ± 45.64

503.34 ± 83.56

 < 0.001

Protein (g/day)

91.45 ± 32.28

80.82 ± 23.32

92.04 ± 26.75

 < 0.001

68.20 ± 20.72

86.40 ± 23.69

109.71 ± 22.72

0.02

Fat (g/day)

90.71 ± 29.24

89.45 ± 33.08

101.50 ± 33.64

0.88

74.28 ± 25.46

92.29 ± 27.76

115.09 ± 30.09

 < 0.001

Fiber(g/day)

42.16 ± 15.92

44.34 ± 19.30

49.01 ± 20.69

0.59

30.90 ± 11.24

45.25 ± 13.57

59.36 ± 18.94

0.002

Food groups

 

 Whole grains

7.60 ± 9.41

8.21 ± 12.40

6.77 ± 8.75

0.39

5.79 ± 8.21

7.74 ± 10.51

9.04 ± 11.69

0.61

 Refined grains

438.25 ± 215.60

465.65 ± 246.88

509.03 ± 228.84

0.64

353.19 ± 179.59

422.56 ± 133.97

637.18 ± 260.49

0.01

 Red meat

20.95 ± 17.92

20.22 ± 18.89

22.54 ± 17.03

0.78

14.82 ± 11.56

20.40 ± 19.73

28.49 ± 18.71

0.72

 Fish

13.41 ± 16.17

9.52 ± 8.09

10.99 ± 10.99

0.06

10.25 ± 9.25

11.39 ± 13.29

12.29 ± 13.82

0.17

 Fruits

505.52 ± 320.84

568.37 ± 386.66

524.32 ± 303.42

0.02

323.15 ± 194.00

525.87 ± 272.53

749.18 ± 378.00

0.004

 Vegetables

456.16 ± 234.93

417.24 ± 287.34

424.15 ± 256.71

0.19

336.97 ± 205.65

458.34 ± 262.59

502.24 ± 280.12

0.22

 Low fat dairy

318.15 ± 237.11

257.54 ± 220.65

278.40 ± 210.83

0.07

258.28 ± 180.34

257.76 ± 182.86

338.06 ± 284.59

0.14

 High fat dairy

100.70 ± 138.71

104.80 ± 149.33

121.80 ± 137.03

0.97

67.98 ± 111.98

105.48 ± 122.29

153.44 ± 171.11

0.41

 eggs

21.34 ± 12.20

19.71 ± 13.03

24.09 ± 17.28

0.33

16.55 ± 9.64

23.29 ± 13.65

25.30 ± 17.49

0.04

 legumes

57.99 ± 46.02

50.50 ± 41.09

48.52 ± 35.56

0.10

48.66 ± 43.85

52.03 ± 35.80

56.32 ± 43.44

0.20

 Nuts

14.26 ± 11.95

13.86 ± 18.60

15.74 ± 18.22

0.83

9.03 ± 8.52

13.26 ± 16.68

21.57 ± 19.74

0.89

 Tea & coffee

580.08 ± 467.25

689.78 ± 552.76

949.38 ± 1081.78

0.01

559.16 ± 448.66

709.86 ± 1066.84

950.23 ± 590.53

0.05

 Sugar sweetened beverages

18.24 ± 50.65

20.30 ± 38.90

29.08 ± 66.54

0.71

8.77 ± 13.57

25.37 ± 66.26

33.48 ± 60.66

0.55

 Fast food

25.43 ± 27.49

21.35 ± 17.56

26.35 ± 33.73

0.55

20.01 ± 20.02

21.27 ± 23.58

31.85 ± 34.26

0.22

  1. All the variables adjusted for energy intake
  2. GL Glycemic load, GI Glycemic index
  3. †Calculated by multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
  4. Values are represented as means (SD)