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Table 3 Baseline characteristics and dietary intakes of the participants in the tertiles empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia (ELIH)

From: The association of dietary and lifestyle indices for hyperinsulinemia with odds of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Iranian adults: a case–control study

Variables

Tertiles of the score

P-trend

T1 (n = 103)

T2 (n = 118)

T3 (n = 139)

Age (year)

40.7 ± 7.1

42.5 ± 7.6

42.0 ± 7.7

0.146

Sex (male, %)

51.5

54.2

53.2

0.806

BMI (Kg/m2)

26.6 ± 2.0

27.0 ± 1.9

28.4 ± 2.3

 < 0.001

Physical activity (MET.min/Wk.)

2595 ± 796

1317 ± 221

798 ± 285

 < 0.001

Smoking (yes, %)

6.8

4.2

5.8

0.778

Education level (bachelor and higher), n (%)

54 (52.4)

48 (40.7)

58 (41.7)

0.154

Socio-economic status (SES), n (%)

 Poor

43 (41.7)

42 (35.6)

53 (38.1)

0.362

 Medium

37 (35.9)

50 (42.4)

47 (33.8)

 

 High

23 (22.3)

26 (22)

39 (28.1)

 

 Energy intake (kcal/day)

2209 ± 629

2205 ± 572

2336 ± 721

0.162

 Carbohydrates (% of energy)

58.4 ± 7.0

57.3 ± 7.4

57.3 ± 6.8

0.182

 Protein (% of energy)

13.7 ± 2.0

13.7 ± 2.4

13.8 ± 2.6

0.819

 Fat (% of energy)

30.4 ± 6.7

31.7 ± 7.1

31.4 ± 6.5

0.227

Empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia (ELIH) components

 Margarine (portion per day)

0.0 (0.0—0.012)

0.0 (0.0 – 0.0)

0.0 (0.0 – 0.0)

0.145

 Butter (portion per day)

0.17 (0—0.71)

0.25 (0.01—1.15)

0.71 (0.07—1.79)

 < 0.001

 Red meat (portion per day) a

0.12 (0.06—0.18)

0.10 (0.06—0.18)

0.12 (0.07—0.22)

0.728

 Fruit juices (portion per day)

0.04 (0.02—0.10)

0.03 (0.01—0.10)

0.03 (0.01—0.07)

0.241

 Coffee (portion per day)

0.00 (0—0.04)

0.00 (0—0.04)

0.00 (0—0.04)

0.357

 Whole fruit (portion per day)

3.59 ± 1.33

3.40 ± 1.29

3.31 ± 1.25

0.090

 High-fat dairy (portion per day)

1.0 ± 0.58

1.07 ± 1.06

1.00 ± 0.62

0.820

 Snacks (portion per day)

0.13 (0.02—0.20)

0.08 (0.01—0.15)

0.09 (0.01—0.16)

0.238

 Salad dressing (portion per day)

0.09 (0.03—0.25)

0.08 (0.03—0.20)

0.11 (0.03—0.22)

0.441

  1. All values are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (IQR) for quantitative variables and as number (percentage) or percentage for qualitative variables
  2. aEach portion = 5 oz (142 g)