Variables | Tertiles of the score | P-trend | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (n = 103) | T2 (n = 118) | T3 (n = 139) | ||
Age (year) | 40.7 ± 7.1 | 42.5 ± 7.6 | 42.0 ± 7.7 | 0.146 |
Sex (male, %) | 51.5 | 54.2 | 53.2 | 0.806 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 2.0 | 27.0 ± 1.9 | 28.4 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 |
Physical activity (MET.min/Wk.) | 2595 ± 796 | 1317 ± 221 | 798 ± 285 | < 0.001 |
Smoking (yes, %) | 6.8 | 4.2 | 5.8 | 0.778 |
Education level (bachelor and higher), n (%) | 54 (52.4) | 48 (40.7) | 58 (41.7) | 0.154 |
Socio-economic status (SES), n (%) | ||||
Poor | 43 (41.7) | 42 (35.6) | 53 (38.1) | 0.362 |
Medium | 37 (35.9) | 50 (42.4) | 47 (33.8) | |
High | 23 (22.3) | 26 (22) | 39 (28.1) | |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2209 ± 629 | 2205 ± 572 | 2336 ± 721 | 0.162 |
Carbohydrates (% of energy) | 58.4 ± 7.0 | 57.3 ± 7.4 | 57.3 ± 6.8 | 0.182 |
Protein (% of energy) | 13.7 ± 2.0 | 13.7 ± 2.4 | 13.8 ± 2.6 | 0.819 |
Fat (% of energy) | 30.4 ± 6.7 | 31.7 ± 7.1 | 31.4 ± 6.5 | 0.227 |
Empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia (ELIH) components | ||||
Margarine (portion per day) | 0.0 (0.0—0.012) | 0.0 (0.0 – 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0 – 0.0) | 0.145 |
Butter (portion per day) | 0.17 (0—0.71) | 0.25 (0.01—1.15) | 0.71 (0.07—1.79) | < 0.001 |
Red meat (portion per day) a | 0.12 (0.06—0.18) | 0.10 (0.06—0.18) | 0.12 (0.07—0.22) | 0.728 |
Fruit juices (portion per day) | 0.04 (0.02—0.10) | 0.03 (0.01—0.10) | 0.03 (0.01—0.07) | 0.241 |
Coffee (portion per day) | 0.00 (0—0.04) | 0.00 (0—0.04) | 0.00 (0—0.04) | 0.357 |
Whole fruit (portion per day) | 3.59 ± 1.33 | 3.40 ± 1.29 | 3.31 ± 1.25 | 0.090 |
High-fat dairy (portion per day) | 1.0 ± 0.58 | 1.07 ± 1.06 | 1.00 ± 0.62 | 0.820 |
Snacks (portion per day) | 0.13 (0.02—0.20) | 0.08 (0.01—0.15) | 0.09 (0.01—0.16) | 0.238 |
Salad dressing (portion per day) | 0.09 (0.03—0.25) | 0.08 (0.03—0.20) | 0.11 (0.03—0.22) | 0.441 |