Table 3 Dietary intakes of participants between groups of phytochemical index

Energy intake (kcal)

1684.61 ± 282.04

1224.30 ± 145.08

 < 0.001

-

1534.18 ± 281.72

1283.50 ± 141.42

 < 0.001

-

Protein (g)

53.78 ± 9.79

42.70 ± 6.83

 < 0.001

0.17

49.12 ± 9.57

42.52 ± 4.60

 < 0.001

0.34

Carbohydrate (g)

302.52 ± 65.79

211.54 ± 23.99

 < 0.001

0.22

269.03 ± 42.45

223.40 ± 27.26

 < 0.001

0.003

Fat (g)

36.07 ± 6.51

29.13 ± 5.28

 < 0.001

0.17

36.18 ± 11.48

30.62 ± 4.20

0.001

0.01

Fiber (g)

43.56 ± 11.99

34.87 ± 4.58

 < 0.001

0.28

39.30 ± 7.52

36.06 ± 6.01

0.01

0.85

Cholesterol (g)

11.22 ± 10.42

5.40 ± 9.67

0.004

0.04

5.98 ± 5.05

4.42 ± 4.20

0.08

0.49

SFA (g)

7.00 ± 1.40

5.51 ± 1.25

 < 0.001

0.48

6.81 ± 2.10

5.55 ± 1.10

 < 0.001

0.21

MUFA (g)

12.15 ± 2.81

9.72 ± 2.01

 < 0.001

0.66

12.42 ± 4.32

9.97 ± 1.67

 < 0.001

0.23

Na (mg)

3670.81 ± 829.25

3125.01 ± 987.77

0.003

0.002

4135.84 ± 1155.69

3182.96 ± 617.43

 < 0.001

0.001

Potassium (mg)

1899.36 ± 531.52

1550.45 ± 199.48

 < 0.001

0.11

1810.21 ± 389.59

1576.70 ± 238.07

 < 0.001

0.43

Vitamin C (mg)

13.85 ± 7.03

8.31 ± 6.07

 < 0.001

0.28

11.10 ± 4.27

8.43 ± 3.14

 < 0.001

0.003

Calcium (mg)

455.36 ± 65.33

361.72 ± 59.07

 < 0.001

0.29

430.11 ± 69.46

369.71 ± 51.14

 < 0.001

0.49

Fe (mg)

16.63 ± 2.49

13.41 ± 1.65

 < 0.001

0.78

15.81 ± 2.32

13.80 ± 1.31

 < 0.001

0.36

Vitamin E (mg)

5.08 ± 2.26

3.38 ± 0.64

 < 0.001

0.18

4.19 ± 1.11

3.66 ± 0.66

0.003

0.82

Thiamin (mg)

1.94 ± 0.39

1.49 ± 0.21

 < 0.001

0.29

1.79 ± 0.30

1.54 ± 0.16

 < 0.001

0.08

Riboflavin (mg)

1.10 ± 0.21

0.85 ± 0.12

 < 0.001

0.19

1.04 ± 0.20

0.89 ± 0.09

 < 0.001

0.42

Niacin (mg)

18.20 ± 3.07

14.00 ± 2.05

 < 0.001

0.40

17.35 ± 2.90

14.77 ± 1.58

 < 0.001

0.02

B6 (mg)

0.80 ± 0.16

0.71 ± 0.11

0.002

0.99

0.84 ± 0.15

0.73 ± 0.09

 < 0.001

0.04

Folate (μg)

464.15 ± 136.70

341.85 ± 34.96

 < 0.001

0.17

390.29 ± 72.40

341.37 ± 44.33

 < 0.001

0.53

B12 (μg)

0.22 ± 0.17

0.12 ± 0.19

0.004

0.06

0.14 ± 0.09

0.10 ± 0.08

0.02

0.89

Vitamin K (μg)

14.70 ± 6.34

11.71 ± 1.89

0.001

0.49

14.42 ± 6.72

11.58 ± 2.14

0.004

0.41

Vitamin A (RAE)

22.65 ± 16.15

22.89 ± 12.61

0.93

0.05

25.16 ± 12.23

19.33 ± 11.56

0.01

0.15

Phosphorus (mg)

999.78 ± 163.47

824.09 ± 139.27

 < 0.001

0.38

965.77 ± 161.53

840.60 ± 117.28

 < 0.001

0.22

Magnesium (mg)

374.58 ± 71.44

331.65 ± 58.95

0.001

0.43

383.47 ± 98.41

333.89 ± 50.03

0.001

0.79

Zinc (mg)

8.67 ± 1.53

7.68 ± 1.39

0.001

0.11

8.73 ± 3.77

7.69 ± 1.13

0.05

0.11

Copper (mg)

1.65 ± 0.28

1.44 ± 0.18

 < 0.001

0.77

1.62 ± 0.33

1.47 ± 0.12

0.003

0.19

Manganese (mg)

8.37 ± 1.74

7.55 ± 1.79

0.01

0.91

8.95 ± 1.71

7.80 ± 1.41

 < 0.001

0.01

Chromium (mg)

0.22 ± 0.07

0.21 ± 0.08

0.44

0.67

0.24 ± 0.07

0.21 ± 0.07

0.02

0.20

Selenium (μg)

134.21 ± 33.35

108.80 ± 22.73

 < 0.001

0.81

133.48 ± 24.16

111.93 ± 18.73

 < 0.001

0.01

PI components

 Caffeine (mg)

150.21 ± 79.47

135.20 ± 68.09

0.30

0.35

177.46 ± 104.76

147.61 ± 93.34

0.13

0.12

 Coffee (mg)

13.62 ± 48.50

9.51 ± 42.69

0.64

0.91

16.56 ± 52.88

0.92 ± 1.60

0.03

0.65

 Soy (g)

24.41 ± 32.66

21.08 ± 12.56

0.49

0.99

6.83 ± 14.88

14.44 ± 14.27

0.009

0.01

 Spices (g)

2.91 ± 1.89

4.15 ± 3.60

0.03

0.75

2.87 ± 2.01

3.04 ± 2.10

0.67

0.22

 Tea (mg)

750.24 ± 422.56

684.67 ± 391.47

0.41

0.86

879.90 ± 554.44

730.20 ± 465.82

0.13

0.02

 Olive (g)

0.79 ± 1.43

1.45 ± 1.51

0.02

0.02

0.37 ± 0.91

1.12 ± 1.32

0.001

0.003

 Nuts (g)

24.38 ± 7.58

28.73 ± 13.28

0.04

0.02

27.87 ± 36.95

26.78 ± 9.99

0.83

 < 0.04

 Grains (g)

64.79 ± 86.07

72.25 ± 110.87

0.70

0.001

35.95 ± 64.74

67.99 ± 96.03

0.04

0.002

 Legumes (g)

94.92 ± 74.51

103.30 ± 52.05

0.50

0.03

48.49 ± 24.41

67.61 ± 36.30

0.002

0.001

 Vegetables (g)

317.90 ± 109.97

454.98 ± 157.41

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

214.82 ± 104.18

364.57 ± 270.65

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Fruits (g)

391.60 ± 127.72

622.51 ± 292.64

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

303.84 ± 97.04

497.08 ± 254.00

 < 0.001

 < 0.001