The association of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load with the risk of insomnia in the adult population

BMC Nutrition

Table 1 Study participants' general characteristics and dietary intake based on case and control groups

Variables ^a	Population		P-Value†
Variables ^a	Case (n = 111)	Controls (n = 333)	P-Value†
Glycemic index	64.08 ± 11.85	64.00 ± 19.07	0.968
Glycemic load	230.2 ± 86.7	225.0 ± 85.7	0.580
Age(year)	35.0 ± 10.8	30.7 ± 9.4	< 0.001
Female, n (%)	84 (75.7)	265 (79.6)	0.229
Overweight and obese, n (%)	12 (10.8)	16 (4.8)	0.025
Smoking, n (%)	4 (3.6)	8 (2.4)	0.350
Physical activity (MET/min/week)	750.0 (240.0 – 1680.0)	792.0 (353.0 – 1700.0)	0.440
SES			0.557
Low	49 (44.2)	153 (46.0)
Middle	28 (25.2)	90 (27.0)
High	34 (30.6)	90 (27.0)
GHQ	20.9 ± 7.4	15.1 ± 6.5	< 0.001
ISI score	17.6 ± 2.9	7.4 ± 3.9	< 0.001
Nutrient Intake
Energy (Kcal/d)	2387 ± 732	2446 ± 732	0.467
Carbohydrate (% of energy)	60.1 ± 8.5	58.7 ± 8.4	0.115
Protein (% of energy)	13.4 ± 2.6	14.0 ± 2.8	0.047
Fat (% of energy)	28.6 ± 7.8	29.3 ± 9.2	0.517

SES Socioeconomic status, ISI Insomnia severity index, GHQ General health questionnaire
^aData are presented as mean ± SD or median (25–75 interquartile range) for continuous variables and numbers and percentages for categorical variables
^†P-Value was computed using an Independent tow sample T-test and Chi-square test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively

ISSN: 2055-0928