Table 1 Trends in sample characteristics
Variable | EDHS 2005 (n=130) n (%)* | EDHS 2011 (n=309) n (%)* | EDHS 2016 (n=317) n (%)* | Pooled (n=756) n (%)* | p-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Religion | 0.79 | ||||
Orthodox | 126 (97.5) | 294 (95.0) | 300 (94.0) | 720 (94.9) | |
Muslim | 4 (2.5) | 15 (5.0) | 17 (6.0) | 36 (4.1) | |
Place of residence | 0.18 | ||||
Urban | 6 (6.7) | 43 (17.0) | 64 (20.0) | 113 (16.5) | |
Rural | 124 (93.3) | 266 (83.0) | 253 (80.0) | 643 (83.5) | |
Child sex | 0.68 | ||||
Male | 64 (48.9) | 157 (50.6) | 150 (47.0) | 371 (48.7) | |
Female | 66 (51.1) | 152 (49.4) | 167 (53.0) | 385 (51.3) | |
Child age in months | |||||
Mean (SD) | 15.0 (4.89) | 14.0 (5.1) | 14.1 (5.2) | 14.3 (5.0) | |
Median (IQR) | 16 (6) | 14 (8) | 14 (9) | 14 (8) | |
Age of respondent | 0.44 | ||||
15-24 | 46 (35.7) | 88 (29.3) | 98 (32.8) | 232 (32.0) | |
25-34 | 58 (45.9) | 145 (46.0) | 133 (41.3) | 336 (43.9) | |
35-49 | 26 (18.4) | 76 (24.7) | 86 (25.9) | 188 (24.1) | |
Maternal formal educational attainment | 0.004 | ||||
No | 100 (73.8) | 198 (63.0) | 167 (53.2) | 465 (60.6) | |
Yes | 30 (26.2) | 111 (37.0) | 150 (46.8) | 291 (39.4) | |
Maternal occupation | 0.001 | ||||
Housewife | 69 (55.0) | 86 (28.8) | 122 (40.9) | 277 (38.8) | |
Agricultural | 47 (33.8) | 149 (47.5) | 110 (33.2) | 307 (38.8) | |
Non-agricultural | 14 (11.2) | 74 (23.7) | 85 (25.9) | 172 (22.4) | |
Partner formal educational attainment | 0.54 | ||||
No | 82 (61.6) | 189 (62.7) | 167 (52.9) | 440 (58.4) | |
Yes | 48 (38.4) | 120 (37.3) | 125 (39.7) | 291 (38.3) | |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 25 (7.4) | 25 (3.3) | |
Partner occupation | <0.001 | ||||
No occupation | 2 (1.9) | 3 (1.0) | 9 (2.9) | 16 (2.1) | |
Agricultural | 117 (87.5) | 228 (71.8) | 134 (39.4) | 478 (63.3) | |
Non-agricultural | 11 (10.6) | 78 (27.2) | 149 (50.3) | 237 (31.3) | |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 25 (7.4) | 25 (3.3) | |
Wealth index | 0.18 | ||||
Poorest | 47 (35.5) | 91 (29.2) | 94 (27.7) | 232 (39.7) | |
Poorer | 32 (23.2) | 68 (20.8) | 66 (19.7) | 166 (20.7) | |
Middle | 26 (19.3) | 38 (11.4) | 45 (14.2) | 109 (14.1) | |
Richer | 18 (14.7) | 51 (16.2) | 31 (12.5) | 100 (14.3) | |
Richest | 7 (7.3) | 61 (22.4) | 81 (25.9) | 149 (21.2) | |
Number of household assets | |||||
Mean (SD) | 1.59 (1.83) | 2.57 (2.78) | 3.1 (2.62) | 2.64 (2.63) | |
Median (IQR) | 1.0 (2.0) | 2 (4) | 2 (4) | 2 (3) | |
Total number of livestock | |||||
Mean (SD) | 10.4 (7.9) | NA | 9.1 (9.2) | 8.9 (8.4) | |
Median (IQR) | 10 (9) | 7 (13) | 7 (9) | ||
Ownership of land for agriculture | <0.001 | ||||
Does not own | 23 (18.3) | 74 (25.5) | 128 (43.2) | 225 (31.9) | |
Own | 107 (81.7) | 235 (74.5) | 189 (56.8) | 531 (68.1) |