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Table 2 Comparison of participants’ macro-and micronutrient daily intake

From: Vitamin D status, including serum levels and sun exposure are associated or correlated with bone mass measurements diagnosis, and bone density of the spine

 

Mean ± SD

P-value*

Normal

Osteopenia and Osteoporosis

Total

Total energy (kcal)

1540 ± 629.8

1680 ± 691.4

1617 ± 569.8

0.511

Total protein (g)

64.2 ± 28.1

67.8 ± 25.2

66.2 ± 26.2

0.674

Total carbohydrate (g)

198.1 ± 95.0

236.5 ± 136.4

219.2 ± 119.7

0.319

Total fat (g)

56.1 ± 26.9

53.2 ± 26.2

54.5 ± 26.2

0.737

Cholesterol (mg)

379.3 ± 448.7

314.3 ± 260.5

343.6 ± 345.1

0.570

SFA (g)

17.1 ± 6.4

18.1 ± 9.2

17.6 ± 8.0

0.685

MUFA (g)

19.1 ± 10.2

18.5 ± 11.1

18.8 ± 10.6

0.860

PUFA (g)

13.4 ± 8.5

10.9 ± 4.2

12.1 ± 6.5

0.234

MFA (g)

17.6 ± 9.9

17.0 ± 10.1

17.3 ± 9.9

0.840

PFA2 (g)

11.3 ± 8.2

9.3 ± 4.1

10.2 ± 6.3

0.325

PFA3 (g)

0.87 ± 0.30

0.76 ± 0.52

0.81 ± 0.44

0.457

PFA5 (g)

0.16 ± 0.16

0.09 ± 0.8

0.12 ± 0.13

0.089

PFA6(g)

3.9 ± 5.2

3.0 ± 2.1

3.4 ± 3.8

0.424

Sodium (mg)

1355 ± 671.9

1415 ± 898.1

1388 ± 795.0

0.816

Potassium (mg)

2047 ± 840.1

2416 ± 887.7

2250 ± 875.6

0.188

Vitamin A (RAE)

306.4 ± 184.0

348.5 ± 219.7

329.6 ± 203.0

0.522

Beta-carotene (µg)

690.2 ± 401.7

845.5 ± 502.9

775.6 ± 461.2

0.295

Alpha-carotene (µg)

38.1 ± 26.4

63.5 ± 53.3

52.1 ± 44.7

0.072

Lutein (µg)

829.2 ± 475.1

906.7 ± 520.6

871.8 ± 495.9

0.629

Betacryptox (µg)

201.1 ± 139.9

321.9 ± 265.7

267.5 ± 224.2

0.090

Vitamin C (mg)

57.6 ± 30.7

80.8 ± 51.0

70.4 ± 44.1

0.099

Calcium (mg)

674.6 ± 233.3

776.2 ± 381.1

730.5 ± 323.3

0.329

Iron (mg)

11.1 ± 4.8

12.7 ± 5.7

11.9 ± 5.3

0.326

Vitamin D (µg)

1.8 ± 1.6

2.1 ± 2.7

1.9 ± 2.2

0.707

Vitamin E (mg)

8.7 ± 8.3

6.9 ± 3.6

7.7 ± 6.2

0.372

Alpha-tocopherol (mg)

5.5 ± 5.5

4.4 ± 2.5

4.9 ± 4.1

0.403

Thiamine (mg)

1.49 ± 0.67

1.71 ± 0.99

1.61 ± 0.86

0.441

Riboflavin (mg)

1.47 ± 0.75

1.53 ± 0.68

1.50 ± 0.71

0.790

Niacin (mg)

14.0 ± 6.3

16.0 ± 7.8

15.1 ± 7.1

0.389

Vitamin B6 (mg)

1.11 ± 0.34

1.28 ± 0.58

1.21 ± 0.49

0.277

Total folate (µg)

413.1 ± 184.5

490.7 ± 288.0

455.7 ± 247.1

0.329

Folate DFE (µg)

510.5 ± 269.9

615.5 ± 455.3

568.3 ± 382.3

0.395

Vitamin B12 (µg)

3.89 ± 1.71

4.86 ± 2.77

4.42 ± 2.38

0.203

Biotin (µg)

25.1 ± 23.3

22.9 ± 14.0

23.9 ± 18.5

0.719

Pantothenic acid (mg)

4.6 ± 2.1

5.1 ± 2.6

4.8 ± 2.3

0.540

Vitamin K (µg)

86.1 ± 57.0

97.0 ± 69.8

92.1 ± 63.8

0.596

Phosphorous (mg)

1124 ± 412.6

1209 ± 440.1

1170 ± 424.6

0.537

Magnesium (mg)

268.4 ± 131.3

294.8 ± 108.9

282.9 ± 118.6

0.490

Zinc (mg)

10.8 ± 5.4

12.6 ± 5.0

11.8 ± 5.2

0.301

Copper (mg)

1.03 ± 0.44

1.18 ± 0.46

1.11 ± 0.45

0.321

Manganese (mg)

3.5 ± 1.2

4.2 ± 3.3

3.9 ± 2.6

0.372

Selenium (µg)

102.1 ± 56.1

106.7 ± 50.4

104.6 ± 52.4

0.783

Total fiber (gr)

14.1 ± 5.3

16.5 ± 6.5

15.4 ± 6.0

0.219

Soluble fiber (gr)

0.16 ± 0.09

0.26 ± 0.18

0.22 ± 0.15

0.043

Insoluble fiber (gr)

1.12 ± 0.51

1.44 ± 0.73

1.30 ± 0.66

0.120

Crude fiber (gr)

12.2 ± 5.4

13.9 ± 13.3

13.2 ± 10.4

0.615

Total sugar (gr)

49.7 ± 22.0

58.8 ± 23.1

54.5 ± 22.8

0.228

Caffeine (mg)

60.8 ± 51.1

98.2 ± 105.5

81.4 ± 86.5

0.177

  1. *Independent sample t-test was used for comparing continuous variables.
  2. *Benjamini–Hochberg correction was applied to all p-values: all p-values are displayed after this correction; significant values are given in bold.
  3. SFA = saturated fatty acid, MUFA = monounsaturated fatty acid, PUFA = polyunsaturated fatty acid, PFA = Polyunsaturated fatty acid,