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Table 1 Risk factors for anemia in children under-five in Chad, 2019 and 2021

From: Trends and determinants of anemia in children 6–59 months and women of reproductive age in Chad from 2016 to 2021

Characteristics

2019 (n = 5,879)1

2021 (n = 6,636)1

Child

n (%)

cOR2 (95% CI)

aOR3 (95% CI)

n (%)

cOR2 (95% CI)

aOR3 (95% CI)

Age (in months)

      

6–12

764 (13.0)

3.19 (2.60, 3.93)

3.50 (2.83, 4.33)

848 (12.8)

5.20 (4.28, 6.35)

5.20 (4.26, 6.37)

12–24

1485 (25.2)

2.92 (2.46, 3.46)

3.05 (2.56, 3.64)

1572 (23.7)

4.54 (3.86, 5.35)

4.55 (3.86, 5.38)

24–36

1428 (24.3)

1.70 (1.44, 2.00)

1.71 (1.44, 2.04)

1698 (25.6)

2.41 (2.07, 2.81)

2.43 (2.08, 2.85)

36–48

1287 (21.9)

1.39 (1.17, 1.64)

1.43 (1.20, 1.70)

1698 (21.1)

1.55 (1.32, 1.81)

1.59 (1.35, 1.86)

48–60

915 (15.6)

1.00

1.00

1117 (16.8)

1.00

1.00

Sex

      

Male

3103 (52.7)

1.05 (0.95, 1.17)

 

3382 (50.1)

0.98 (0.89, 1.08)

 

Head of Household

      

Sex (male)

4619 (78.6)

0.98 (0.87, 1.12)

 

5086 (76.6)

1.11 (0.99, 1.25)

 

Marital status

      

Married

5524 (94.0)

1.00

 

6148 (92.6)

1.00

1.00

Single/Divorced/ Widowed

355 (6.0)

0.99 (0.80, 1.23)

 

488 (7.4)

0.78 (0.65, 0.94)

0.83 (0.68, 1.01)

Education level

      

Illiterate

2828 (48.1)

1.00

1.00

3057 (46.0)

1.00

1.00

Literate

1402 (23.8)

0.73 (0.64, 0.83)

0.76 (0.67, 0.88)

1577 (23.8)

0.87 (0.77, 0.99)

0.93 (0.82, 1.06)

Primary schooling

842 (14.3)

1.33 (1.13, 1.57)

0.89 (0.74, 1.08)

938 (14.1)

1.11 (0.95, 1.29)

0.90 (0.76, 1.07)

Secondary/post-secondary

807 (13.7)

1.17 (0.99, 1.38)

0.84 (0.68, 1.03)

1064 (16.1)

1.07 (0.93, 1.23)

0.96 (0.80, 1.15)

Income Source

      

Farmer

3792 (64.5)

1.00

1.00

3933 (59.2)

1.00

1.00

Pastoralist

346 (5.9)

0.52 (0.42, 0.65)

0.76 (0.59, 0.98)

440 (6.6)

0.98 (0.80, 1.02)

1.13 (0.90, 1.41)

Business/transport

783 (13.3)

0.82 (0.70, 0.96)

1.09 (0.92, 1.31)

949 (14.3)

0.73 (0.64, 0.85)

0.81 (0.69, 0.96)

Temporary work

205 (3.5)

0.75 (0.57, 1.00)

0.88 (0.65, 1.20)

247 (3.7)

0.59 (0.45, 0.76)

0.67 (0.51, 0.89)

Civil servant

274 (4.7)

0.68 (0.53, 0.87)

0.89 (0.66, 1.19)

276 (4.2)

0.60 (0.47, 0.77)

0.67 (0.51, 0.89)

Other salaried work

129 (2.2)

0.67 (0.48, 0.95)

0.77 (0.53, 1.13)

202 (3.0)

0.84 (0.63, 1.13)

0.94 (0.69, 1.28)

Unemployed

212 (3.6)

0.99 (0.75, 1.33)

1.20 (0.89, 1.64)

326 (4.9)

0.84 (0.66, 1.05)

0.98 (0.77, 1.26)

Other

138 (2.3)

0.73 (0.52, 1.03)

0.82 (0.57, 1.18)

263 (4.0)

1.02 (0.79, 1.32)

1.13 (0.86, 1.50)

Agroecological Zone

      

Saharan zone

887 (15.1)

1.00

1.00

937 (14.1)

1.00

1.00

Sahelian zone

2901 (49.3)

1.32 (1.13, 1.53)

1.25 (1.05, 1.49)

3194 (48.1)

0.97 (0.84, 1.12)

0.97 (0.82, 1.14)

Sudanian zone

1875 (31.9)

2.77 (2.34, 3.28)

2.86 (2.31, 3.54)

2184 (32.9)

1.54 (1.31, 1.80)

1.51 (1.24, 1.84)

N’Djamena

216 (3.7)

1.29 (0.95, 1.74)

1.31 (0.95, 1.82)

321 (4.8)

0.78 (0.61, 1.01)

0.95 (0.71, 1.26)

  1. Legend: cOR Crude Odds Ratio; aOR Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI Confidence Interval; bold = statistically significant p-value < 0.05
  2. 1 Household level data was missing for 124 children in 2019 and 115 children in 2021
  3. 2 Bivariate logistic regression was performed for each variable independently and results are reported as odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval
  4. 3 Multivariate logistic regression models were performed for each variable that had a significant OR in the 2019/2021 bivariate analysis. In 2019, child age, head of household education level and income source, and agroecological zone was adjusted for. In 2021, child age, head of household marital status, education level and income source, and agroecological zone were adjusted for
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BMC Nutrition

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