Table 4 Clinical and demographic characteristics of subjects with 2-day dietary recall used to calculate hPDI

Demographics

 Age, y

49 [32–63]

51 [36–63]

52 [36–63]

54 [39–65]

56 [42–65]

 < 0.0001

 Female, %

40

50

54

54

63

 < 0.0001

 Race/ethnicity, %

 < 0.0001

  Non-Hispanic White

38.27

38.36

34.97

38.71

27.91

  Non-Hispanic Black

37.71

28.85

22.13

19.06

11.05

  Mexican American

10.06

11.48

15.03

14.37

16.28

  Non-Hispanic Asian

0.28

6.23

11.48

14.08

28.2

  Other Hispanic

6.15

8.52

11.75

8.21

11.05

  Other Race—Including Multi-Racial

7.54

6.56

4.64

5.57

5.52

Clinical characteristics

 BMI (kg/m**2)

29.3[24.9–34.6]

29.2 [25.1–34.3]

29.1 [24.8–34.2]

28 [24.6–32.7]

27.3 [23.9–31.6]

 < 0.0001

 Waist

  Female, cm

103.3[90.6–115.3]

101.7[90.2–113.2]

99[88.5–112.5]

95.4[86.5–106.5]

93.3[82.7–104]

 < 0.0001

  Male, cm

100[90.1–112.8]

100.4[89.9–112.7]

100[90.2–110.6]

102.6[91.7–111.6]

97.4[88.8–107.1]

0.31

 HDL, cholesterol

  Female (mg/dl)

51[46–59]

53[46–65]

54[47–66]

57[48–67.5]

59[50–69]

 < 0.0001

  Male (mg/dl)

44[38–57]

46[39–55.5]

47[41–55]

47[39–56]

48[41–59]

0.07

  Triglycerides (mg/dl)

93.5[64–134]

96[66–137]

92[65–140]

95[60–144]

92[59–128.5]

0.23

  Fasting glucose(mg/dl)

103[95–112]

104[97–113]

104[97–115]

105[97–114]

103[96–118]

0.13

  Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

121[114–136]

124[114–136]

124[112–134]

124[112–136]

124[110–136]

0.35

  Diastolic blood Pressure (mmHg)

74[66–80]

74[66–80]

72[66–80]

72[66–78]

72[66–78]

0.08

  ALT (IU/L)

18 [12–27]

18 [13–25]

18 [13–26]

18 [13–27]

18 [13–25]

0.32

  Energy intake (kcal/d)

2170 [1633–2707]

1984 [1491–2555]

1902 [1448–2542]

1828 [1390–2409]

1767 [1312–2276]

 < 0.0001

Outcome variables

 Insulin (μU/ml)

10[6.7–16.5]

10.5 [6.8–16.7]

10.1 [6.4–16.3]

9.4 [6.1–15.1]

8.4 [5.6–13.7]

0.0002

 hPDI

-10

-3

2

9

17