Table 2 Association between demographic data and vitamin D deficiency
Variable | Overall | Vitamin D deficiency | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Age | ||||
< 45 years | 52 (43.3) | 25 (48.1) | 27 (51.9) | 0.005** |
≥ 45 years | 68 (56.7) | 16 (23.5) | 52 (76.5) | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 53 (44.2) | 16 (30.2) | 37 (69.8) | 0.41 |
Female | 67 (55.8) | 25 (37.3) | 42 (62.7) | |
BMI | ||||
< 25 kg/m2 | 81 (67.5) | 28 (34.6) | 53 (65.4) | 0.89 |
≥ 25 kg/m2 | 39 (32.5) | 13 (33.3) | 26 (66.7) | |
Hypertension | ||||
Yes | 35 (29.2) | 13 (37.1) | 22 (62.9) | 0.66 |
No | 85 (70.8) | 28 (32.9) | 57 (67.1) | |
Diabetes mellitus | ||||
Yes | 18 (15) | 5 (27.8) | 13 (72.2) | 0.54 |
No | 102 (85) | 36 (35.3) | 66 (64.7) | |
Workplace | ||||
Indoor | 110 (91.7) | 39 (35.5) | 71 (64.5) | 0.49 |
Outdoor | 10 (8.3) | 2 (20) | 8 (80) | |
Location of pain | ||||
Axial | 94 (78.3) | 34 (36.2) | 60 (63.8) | 0.62 |
Non-axial | 10 (8.3) | 2 (20) | 8 (80) | |
Both | 16 (13.4) | 5 (31.3) | 11 (68.8) | |
Duration of pain | ||||
< 12 months | 39 (32.5) | 14 (35.9) | 25 (64.1) | 0.78 |
≥ 12 months | 81 (67.5) | 27 (33.3) | 54 (66.7) | |
Sun exposure | ||||
> 15 min/day | 65 (54.2) | 17 (26.2) | 48 (73.8) | 0.04* |
≤ 15 min/day | 55 (45.8) | 24 (43.6) | 31 (56.4) | |
Everyday use of sunscreen | ||||
Yes | 46 (38.3) | 19 (41.3) | 27 (58.7) | 0.19 |
No | 74 (61.7) | 22 (29.7) | 52 (70.3) | |
Current smoker | ||||
Yes | 14 (11.7) | 2 (14.3) | 12 (85.7) | 0.14 |
No | 106 (88.3) | 39 (36.8) | 67 (63.2) | |
Regular exercise | ||||
Yes | 36 (30) | 10 (27.8) | 26 (72.2) | 0.33 |
No | 84 (70) | 31 (36.9) | 53 (63.1) | |