Table 2 Maternal health characteristics of study participants and outcomes of birth (n = 799)
Characteristics | Total (n = 799) n (%) | Mothers with HDP/GDM (n = 157) n (%) | Mothers with no HDP/GDM (n = 642) n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
Pre-pregnancy BMI | |||
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 4 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.6) |
Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 101 (12.6) | 13 (8.3) | 88 (13.7) |
Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 307 (38.4) | 65 (41.4) | 242 (37.7) |
Obesity (> 29.9 kg/m2) | 378 (47.3) | 78 (49.6) | 300 (46.7) |
Missing | 9 (1.1) | 1 (0.6) | 8 (1.2) |
Gravida status | |||
Gravida 0 | 418 (52.3) | 74 (47.1) | 344 (53.6) |
Gravida 1 | 176 (22.0) | 42 (26.8) | 134 (20.9) |
Gravida 2 | 173 (21.7) | 38 (24.2) | 135 (21.0) |
Gravida 3+ | 32 (4.0) | 3 (1.9) | 29 (4.5) |
Trimester of first antenatal care visit | |||
First | 552 (69.1) | 132 (84.1) | 420 (65.4) |
Second | 243 (30.4) | 25 (15.9) | 218 (34.0) |
Third | 4 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.6) |
No. of antenatal care visit | |||
< 8 visits | 668 (83.6) | 129 (82.2) | 539 (84.0) |
> 8 visits | 131 (16.4) | 28 (17.8) | 103 (16.4) |
Intake of nutritional supplement | |||
Yes | 787 (98.5) | 154 (98.1) | 633 (98.6) |
No | 12 (1.5) | 3 (1.9) | 9 (1.4) |
Type of nutritional supplement | |||
Iron only | 38 (4.8) | 4 (2.6) | 34 (5.4) |
Folate only | 176 (22.4) | 51 (33.1) | 125 (19.8) |
Iron and Folate only | 489 (62.1) | 80 (52.0) | 409 (64.6) |
Multi – vitamins & minerals | 84 (10.7) | 19 (12.3) | 65 (10.3) |
Regularly taking nutritional supplements | |||
Yes | 776 (98.6) | 153 (99.4) | 623 (98.4) |
No | 11 (1.4) | 1 (0.7) | 10 (1.6) |
Type of pregnancy disorder | |||
Gestational diabetes alone | 60 (7.5) | Â | Â |
Hypertensive disorders alone | 90 (11.3) | Â | Â |
Both disorders | 7 (0.9) | Â | Â |
Birth outcomes | |||
Low birth weight | 58 (7.3%) | 29 (18.5) | 29 (4.5) |
Preterm birth | 223 (27.9) | 93 (59.2) | 130 (20.3) |