Table 2 Overview of genetic association studies related to food preference

Ozawa, 2002 [25]

human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes (DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1)

-

Preference and intake of cow’s milk

cow’s milk preference is negatively associated with the frequency ofHLA-DQA1*0102 allele

Mennella,2005 [69]

TAS2R38

A49P allele

Cereals with different sugar contents

Coffee with different sugar contents

No correspondence between TAS2R38 genotypes and sweet preference

Prado-Lima, 2006 [26]

5-HT_2A receptor

T102C polymorphism

protein intake and frequency of animal food consumption

Subjects with TT genotype had higher protein intake and higher tendency toward beef comparing with CC or TC subjects

Keskitalo,2007 [9]

A locus on chromosome 16 (16p11.2)

-

pleasantness and the use frequency of 5 sweet foods (chocolate, candy, ice cream, sweet desserts, and sweet pastry)

Chromosome 16p11.2 may harbor genetic variations that affect the consumption of sweet foods

Mizuta, 2008 [27]

LEP

LEPR

G□2548A (rs7799039)

A19G (rs2167270)

Sweet food preference

The LEP A19G and LEPR R109K polymorphisms were associated with sweet preference

Bienertova-Vasku, 2008 [28]

leptin, leptin receptor, adiponectin, proopiomelanocortin and ghrelin genes

LEP –2548 G/A, LEPR Gln223Arg, POMC RsaI and AvaI, Arg51Gln and

percentage of protein, carbohydrates or fat or fiber in food

No associations of the examined polymorphisms with food preferences were observed

Bauer, 2009 [30]

FTO, MC4R, KCTD15, TMEM18, GNPDA2, SH2B1, MTCH2, NEGR1, ETV5 and BDNF

rs1121980 (FTO) rs17700633 (MC4R) rs17782313 (MC4R)

Protein intake, Fat intake, Carbohydrate intake

Five SNPs were associated with dietary intake and were in or near 5 loci: SH2B1 (particularly with increased fat), KCTD15 (particularly with carbohydrate intake), MTCH2, NEGR1, and BDNF

Bienertová-Vašků, 2010 [29]

leptin (LEP), LEP receptor (LEPR), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), IL-6 and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

ADIPOQ rs2241766

ADIPOQ + 94T/G

LEP rs2167270

LEPR rs1137101

percentage of dietary protein, carbohydrates and fat intake

None of the examined polymorphisms served as an independent predictor for percentage of daily energy intake from macronutrients

Ooi, 2010 [31]

TAS2R38

P49A

like or dislike of list of 36 mostly local Asian vegetables, 4 soy products and 37 sweet or fat foods

TAS2R38 P49A SNP is not a suitable predictor of body indices and food selection for the population

Hayes, 2011 [32]

TAS2R16

TAS2R3

TAS2R4

rs1308724 TAS2R16

rs846672 TAS2R16

rs765007 TAS2R3

Like/dislike of grapefruit juice and instant espresso

SNPs in TAS2R3, TAS2R4, and TAS2R5 formed a haploblock that explained coffee bitterness TAS2R19 variation influenced grapefruit juice bitterness and liking

Keller, 2012 [33]

CD36

rs1984112, rs1761667, rs1527483, rs1049673, and rs3840546

Acceptance and liking score of different fat containing food

rs1761667 genotype was associated with reported acceptance of added fats and oils

Pirastu, 2012 [34]

BDNF/BDNFOS, CD36, GNB3, GNG13, ITPR3

90 informative SNPs in 27 genes

Liking ratings of 20 common foods

There are significant associations between rs2277675 on the TRPV1 gene and liking for beet, rs28374389 on TAS1R2 gene with lamb meat liking, rs2290550 on PLCB2 gene and hot tea liking and non-wild type alleles of ITP3 gene variants (rs2229642 and rs3818521) with lower liking of lamb meat and sheep cheese

Eriksson, 2012 [36]

GWAS

rs72921001

cilantro preference

rs72921001 is associated with soapy-taste detection that is confirmed in the cilantro preference group. The C allele is associated with both detecting a soapy smell and disliking cilantro

Brunkwall, 2013 [35]

FTO

rs9939609

dietary intake from 27 food groups

A-allele carriers reported a higher consumption of biscuits and pastry but lower consumption of soft drinks compared to TT genotype carriers

ERGÜN, 2013 [37]

hTAS2R38

Rs713598

food choices

Polymorphisms on hTAS2R38 bitter taste receptor gene had no effect on food choices within the study population

Laaksone, 2013 [70]

hTAS2R38

A49P (rs713598), A262V (rs1726866), and V296I (rs10246939

The liking of odor, appearance, and flavor of Wild bilberries and Wild crowberries’ juice, extract and juice + extract

Based on the genotype grouping of subjects, PAV homozygotes gave lower ratings to the attributes than AVI homozygotes

PAV homozygotes were predicted to dislike the extracts notably more than AVI homozygote

Sasaki, 2013 [71]

ACE, ADRB3 and AGT

AGT Met235Thr

AGT rs7079

ACE I/D

ADRB3 Trp64Arg

potato/sweet potato, beans, rice, bread, noodles/soba, fish/shellfish, small fish, meat, eggs, milk, dairy products, brightly collared vegetables

AGT Met235Thr gene polymorphism is linked to the food preferences of carbohydrates and total lipids, thereby contributing to an increase in energy intake

Wakai, 2013 [39]

ADIPOQ (adiponectin encoding gene)

rs822396

Confectionery-intake score

rs822396 SNP of ADIPOQ gene was correlated with a preference for confectionery

Pirastu, 2014 [40]

Twenty four TAS2R genes

88 SNPs

Coffee Liking

Two SNPs on the TAS2R43 gene (rs71443637 and rs35720106) were significantly associated with coffee liking

Törnwall, 2014 [41]

GWAS

TAS1R1

PKD1L3

rs2235564 and rs6577584

rs12102451

Participants were classified into 2 groups (basic and adventurous) using clustering method, based on liking responses to food names representing sour, umami, and spicy flavor qualities

Linkage analysis for 27 candidate gene regions revealed suggestively that being adventurous is linked to TAS1R1 and PKD1L3 genes

Hayes, 2015 [42]

TAS2R19

TAS2R31

Arg299Cys (rs10772420) in TAS2R19

Val240Ile (rs10772423) and Ala227Val (rs10845293) in TAS2R31

liking of “unsweetened grapefruit juice.”

TAS2R19 Arg299Cys SNP is statistically associated with the bitterness of quinine and the liking of grapefruit juice individuals homozygous for Val240 reported a significantly greater mean liking for grapefruit juice than did either the or the Ile240 homozygotes

Robino, 2015 [43]

TAS1R2

GLUT2

rs3935570

rs1499821

sweet liking score

There was no association between studied SNPs and sugar intake

Wallace, 2015 [44]

COMT

rs 4680

food desirability and self-rated “healthy” and “unhealthy” food perceptions

individuals with the val/val and val/met, COMT genotype had greater desirability for objectively defined “unhealthy” food items, as compared to met/met individuals

Jayewardene, 2016 [45]

CD36

rs1527479 and rs1984112

self-reported fat preference

Fats and oil, as well as dairy consumption frequency, were not significantly different between genotypes at either SNP

Shen, 2016 [46]

hTAS2R38

CA6

Ala49Pro (rs713598), Val262Ala (rs1726866) and Ile296Val (rs10246939)

(rs2274333)

rating of the bitter intensity perceived and liking of four vegetables

Regarding vegetable intake, a difference in total vegetable and brassica vegetable consumption was found between TAS2R38 genotypes, however, both PAV/PAV and AVI/AVI groups consumed more vegetables overall and more brassica vegetables than the PAV/AVI group. CA6 genotype did not show strong associations with vegetable intake

Pirastu, 2016 [21]

GWAS

Liking/disliking for 20 foods belonging to 4 different categories (vegetables, fatty, dairy and bitter)

15 independent genome-wide significant loci were associated with liking/disliking of 12 different foods

Deshaware, 2017 [47]

TAS2R38

rs713598, s1726866 and rs10246939

preferences of fruits, vegetables and dairy products

Food preferences did not significantly correlate with PROP or TAS2R38 status

Risso, 2017 [48]

TAS2R1

TAS2R4

TAS2R14

rs2234233

rs2234001

rs11610105, rs3741843, rs7138535

rs3935570, rs4073538, rs4920566

liking + consumption score of 12 common foods

A significant association was observed only between TAS2R38 SNPs and food preferences (vegetable liking + consumption score)

Shen, 2017 [49]

CD36

CA6

rs1761667

rs2274333

liking of ice cream and dietary fat intake

There was no association between CD36 or CA6 genotypes and liking for ice cream

Participants with the rs2274333 A/A genotype of CA6, tending to have a lower intake of fat as a percentage of energy intake than the A/G genotype

Bartáková, 2018 [50]

TAS1R2

TAS2R7

TAS2R9

CD36

SLC2A2

(rs35874116)

(rs619381)

(rs3741845)

(rs1527479)

(rs5400)

Daily frequency of intake of eight categories of foods (Cereals, Vegetables, Fruit, Milk and dairy products, Protein food, Goodies (sweet and salty food), Sweet beverages, Alcoholic beverages

carriers of particular alleles or genotypes did not differ in the frequencies of particular food consumption categories

Han, 2018 [51]

TAS1R1

TAS1R3

rs41278020

rs34160967

rs35118458

total energy (kJ), carbohydrate, protein, fat or sweet foods); savoury foods

Participants identified with the CC alleles of the TAS1R3 rs307355 and rs35744813 consumed significantly more protein from the buffet than T carriers

Participants with GG genotype of the TAS1R1 SNP rs34160967 consumed more fat and calories as compared to the genotype group having the A alleles

Lek, 2018 [52]

DRD2

Taq1A (rs1800497)

Taq1B (rs1079597)

Taq1D (rs1800498)

The preference/intake frequency/craving of 26 common high-fat Malaysian foods

Taq1A is associated with fast food preference

Taq1B, particularly B1 allele, is also associated with preferred fast food more

Taq1D, particularly D1 allele, is associated with increased starchy food craving and mamak food preference

Perna, 2018 [53]

TAS2R38

RS713598

Preference of 30 food items

polymorphism (RS713598) of the TAS2R38 gene does not influence food preferences (except for butter, beer and cured meat)

Eriksson, 2019 [54]

TAS1R1, TAS1R2, TAS1R3, TAS2R16, TAS2R38, TAS2R50, SLC2A2, SLC2A4, GNAT3, SCN1B and TRPV1

94 SNPS in the studied genes

The scores for foods representing the different tastes

Polymorphisms in the GNAT3, SLC2A4, TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 genes were associated with sweet food intake, variations in taste receptor, glucose transporter and gustducin encoding genes are related to taste perception, food preference and intake

Watanabe, 2019 [55]

ADRB3

Trp64Arg

participants were

requested to rate their degree of bitter, sour, salty, sweet or greasy (high-fat) food preference

ADRB3

Trp64Arg (T/C) polymorphism has no significant impact in food preference of foods in four major taste groups however food preference for high-fat sweet foods in heterozygous group was significantly higher than that in wild-type group also this group significantly more like high-fat foods

Hwang, 2019 [56]

FTO

TAS1R2

TAS1R3

GNAT3

GLUT2

rs11642841

Intake of total sugars

Intake of sweets (biscuits (i.e.,cookies), chocolate, or sweets (i.e., candies))

a strong association was observed between the intake of total sugars and the single nucleotide polymorphism rs11642841 within

the FTO gene on chromosome 16. However, no association was observed with TAS1R2, TAS1R3, GNAT3, and GLUT2

Pilic, 2020 [57]

SCNN1B

TRPV1

rs239345

rs8065080

Dietary salt intake and preference of salty foods

rs8065080 had lower ratings of saltiness and higher ratings of pleasantness of soup

Kawafune, 2020 [14]

ALDH2

rs671

The taste preference for sweetness

There is an association of the rs671 variant which is located in the 12q24 locus with sweet taste preferences in Japanese populations

Park, 2020 [58]

TAS1R2

SLC2A5

SLC2A7

SLC2A5

rs61761364

rs11121306

rs769902

Preferences for each taste like sweet, salty, spicy, sour, and oily foods were asked

GRS was calculated by summing the number of sweet taste preference alleles of 8 genetic variants. a high GRS of 8 SNPs from TAS1R2, SLC2A5, SLC2A7, TRPM5, and TRPV1 had a positive association with sweet taste preference, compared to low GRS

Choi, 2021 [59]

CD36

rs1527479

carbohydrate foods, carbohydrate- and fat-rich foods, sweets, protein-rich foods

rs1527479 did not have a meaningful effect on the intake of fat or other macronutrients or on the selection of food among

Cornelis, 2021 [60]

GWAS

liking or consumption of coffee, tea and other bitter tasting foods; specifically, beer and dark chocolate

Variants near TMEM18, GCKR, POR, ADORA2A (rs2330783), CYP1A2 (rs2472297, rs762551), AHR, CYP2A6, SEC16B, OR5M7P, ENSA, and MLXIPL were significantly associated with total coffee intake variants near ABCG2, MC4R and AKAP6 were nominally associated with total coffee intake

Di´oszegi, 2021 [61]

TAS1R3

CD36

SCNN1B

TRPV1

TAS2R38

rs307355

rs1761667

rs1527483

rs239345

rs8065080

rs713598

Rating of sweet-, fatty-, salty- and bitter-tasting food items

no associations were observed between certain genetic polymorphisms and taste and food preferences. CA6 rs2274333 with salty taste and raw kohlrabi preference, CD36 rs1527483 with fat taste preference, TAS2R19 rs10772420 with grapefruit preference, and TAS2R38 rs713598 with quantity of sugar added were related

Graham, 2021 [62]

CD36

TAS2R38

rs1761667

rs713598, rs1726866 rs10246939

total carbohydrate, total fat, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), saturated fatty acid (SFA), and total protein were quantified

There was no association between either TAS2R38 diplotypes or CD36 rs1761667 and dietary intake

There is a difference in SFA preference according to TAS2R38 rs1726866 and rs10246939 genotypes

Rana, 2021 [63]

MC4R

BDNF

FTO

TMEM18

NEGR1

rs17782313

rs6265

rs1421085

rs7561317

rs2815752

Tendency toward fat-dense food

Only effect of interaction between studied gene variants and tendency toward fat-dense food on obesity related factors were reported and effect of studied gene variants on tendency toward fat-dense food was not reported

Suzuki, 2021 [64]

-

rs4982753

preference for a Japanese dietary pattern were assessed using Japanese food score

rs4982753, in the 14q11.2 locus was significantly associated with the Japanese food score

The SNP, rs4982753 on the 14q11.2 locus did not hit any gene

Concas, 2022 [65]

CAV1 (caveolin 1)

Several SNPs

Liking of different foods and beverages

rs6961694 CAV1 SNP found to be also associated with liking of alcoholic beverages and of sweet foods

Fernández-Carrión, 2022 [66]

PTPRN2 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type N2)

rs2091718-PTPRN2

The preference for sugary foods, including “breakfast cereals”, “sweets-pastries and ice creams”, “chocolates” and “sugar”

sweet taste preference was strongly associated with sugary food liking several SNPs in the PTPRN2 gene (located at chromosome 7), significantly associated with sweet taste preference

May-Wilson, 2022 [67]

GWAS

Food-liking phenotypes

GWAS analysis identified 1,401 significant food-liking associations which showed substantial agreement in the direction of effects with 11 independent cohorts

Narita, 2022 [68]

ADRB2

Gly16Arg

participants were requested to rate their degree of bitter, sour, salty, sweet or greasy (high-fat) food preference

preference for sour food was significantly higher in the ADRB2 GG group than that in the ADRB2 CC group, but only for female subjects