Table 3 Comparison of CVD risk profile parameters between the three study groups

Blood glucose markers

Glucose (mmol/L)

5.00 (4.70–5.15)

5.00 (4.80–5.20)

5.00 (4.90–5.30)

0.600

HbA1_C (%)

5.10 (5.00-5.20)

5.00 (4.80–5.10)

5.10 (5.00-5.20)

0.175

Insulin (mU/L)

5.55 (3.90–8.65)

5.40 (4.20–6.20)

6.80 (5.60–9.80) **

0.016

HOMA

1.00 (0.71–1.32)

1.06 (0.73–1.35)

1.22 (0.94–2.06)

0.300

Blood lipid markers

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.35 (4.00-5.05) *

3.80 (3.30–4.20) ***

4.90 (4.00-5.50) **

< 0.001

LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.64 (2.11–3.47) *

2.14 (1.88–2.56) ***

3.17 (2.40–3.64) **

< 0.001

HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.68 (1.48–1.88)

1.62 (1.23–1.81)

1.57 (1.29–1.72)

0.375

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.73 (0.61-1.00) *

0.77 (0.59–0.98)

1.14 (0.82–1.36) **

0.008

Inflammatory state

SII

411 (271–581)

359 (306–477)

369 (292–474)

0.950

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) scores

MetS (based on BMI)

-1.00 (-1.24- -0.57) *

-0.87 (-1.05- -0.36)

-0.56 (-0.83- -0.06)

0.012

MetS (based on waistline)

-1.03 (-1.33- -0.61) *

-1.00 (-1.28- -0.55)

-0.60 (-0.99- -0.20)

0.027

Parameters of vascular health

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

122 (114–132)

123 (119–130)

128 (124–137)

0.064

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74.0 (70.0–78.0)

76.0 (70.0–81.0)

79.0 (75.0–84.0)

0.082

Pulse wave velocity (m/sec)

5.60 (5.10–6.20) *

5.90 (5.10–6.10)

6.10 (5.70–6.70)

0.022