Table 2 Distribution of components of metabolic syndrome and dietary intake based on cohort periods

Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence

 Yes

0 (0)

< 0.001*

244 (17.7)

< 0.001*

292 (21.2)

< 0.001*

394 (28.6)

 No

1,376 (100)

1,132 (82.3)

1,084 (78.8)

982 (71.4)

Waist Circumference (cm)

76.6 ± 10.0 (50–115)

< 0.001**

79. 8 ± 10.1 (49–120)

< 0.001**

82.3 ± 9.8 (56–121)

< 0.001**

83.6 ± 10.0 (54–127)

Abdominal Obesity

 Yes

396 (28.8)

< 0.001*

509 (37.0)

< 0.001*

659 (47.9)

< 0.001*

709 (51.5)

 No

980 (71.2)

867 (63.0)

717 (52.1)

667 (48.5)

Triglycerides Level (mg/dL)^c

92.9 ± 45.6 (30–787)

< 0.001**

101.8 ± 63.3 (30–1305)

0.544**

102.0 ± 57.2 (32–1114)

< 0.001**

112.9 ± 65.59 (32.45–894)

 Normal

1,270 (92.3)

< 0.001*

1,220 (88.7)

0.243*

1,205 (87.6)

< 0.001*

1,125 (81.8)

 High

106 (7.7)

156 (11.3)

171 (12.4)

251 (18.2)

HDL Level (mg/dL)^c

51.5 ± 10.8 (24–98)

0.446**

51.6 ± 11.7 (26–173)

< 0.001**

53.0 ± 10.9 (22–96)

< 0.001**

50.6 ± 11.1 (26–101.5)

 Normal

961 (69.8)

0.085*

931 (67.7)

< 0.001*

1,025 (74.5)

< 0.001*

876 (63.7)

 Low

415 (30.2)

445 (32.3)

351 (25.5)

500 (36.3)

Fasting Blood Glucose Level (mg/dL)^c

83.3 ± 9.2 (56–134)

< 0.001**

86.3 ± 10.6 (58–151)

< 0.001**

87.6 ± 9.3 (63–202)

< 0.001**

97.6 ± 18.4 (59–349)

 Normal

1,371 (99.6)

0.763*

1,370 (99.6)

0.782*

1,369 (99.5)

< 0.001*

1,311 (95.3)

 Diabetes Mellitus

5 (0.4)

6 (0.4)

7 (0.5)

65 (4.7)

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)^c

115.2 ± 12.1 (81–163)

0.143**

115.7 ± 12.4 (86–188)

0.009**

116.4 ± 12.7 (84–185)

< 0.001**

120.5 ± 13.8 (83–186)

Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)^c

74.1 ± 8.5 (45–103)

< 0.001**

92.5 ± 10.2 (64–142)

< 0.001**

75.2 ± 8.6 (53–103)

< 0.001**

79.2 ± 9.1 (51–121)

Hypertension^d

 Yes

211 (15.3)

< 0.001*

1,075 (78.1)

< 0.001*

280 (20.3)

< 0.001*

456 (33.1)

 No

1,165 (84.7)

301 (21.9)

1,096 (79.7)

920 (66.9)

Body Mass Index (BMI)

 Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m²)

116 (8.4)

< 0.001***

104 (7.6)

0.001***

100 (7.3)

< 0.001***

86 (6.3)

 Normal (18.5–22.9 kg/m²)

545 (39.6)

496 (36.0)

460 (33.4)

423 (30.7)

 Overweight (23–24.9 kg/m²)

257 (18.7)

251 (18.2)

265 (19.3)

249 (18.1)

 Obese (≥ 25.0 kg/m²)

458 (33.3)

525 (38.2)

551 (40.0)

618 (44.9)

Dietary Intake^c

 Energy (kcal)

1721.8 ± 646.7 (185.6–6352.5)

0.992**

1717.3 ± 629.8 (248.5–4838.0)

< 0.001**

1891.8 ± 694.7 (36.0–5537.7)

< 0.001**

2036.3 ± 784.8 (248.8–5733.1)

 Carbohydrate (gr)

259.0 ± 102.5 (40.7–1097.3)

0.001**

247.0 ± 94.9 (36.6–839.4)

< 0.001**

263.7 ± 102.0 (7.45–814.4)

< 0.001**

154.8 ± 133.2 (10.22–619.2)

 Protein (gr)

57.0 ± 23.2 (3.0–186.3)

0.091**

55.6 ± 23.0 (4.1–265.8)

< 0.001**

61.7 ± 27.8 (0.8–417.7)

< 0.001**

180.9 ± 129.5 (15.3–788.1)

 Fat (gr)

52.4 ± 27.3 (0.9–182.9)

< 0.001**

58.4 ± 33.1 (1.5–400.0)

< 0.001**

70.3 ± 34.8 (0.23–295.0)

< 0.001**

80.5 ± 38.7 (7.7–278.76)

 Sodium (mg)

1652.8 ± 1605.6 (13.9–15135.5)

0.153**

1508.5 ± 1021.4 (66.5–8264.5)

< 0.001**

1862.2 ± 2851.0 (1.1–77877.3)

< 0.001**

2306.8 ± 1317.1 (173.6–8473.2)