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Table 2 Nutritional indicators of participant children and women in poor households of Nairobi, by area

From: Nutritional characterisation of low-income households of Nairobi: socioeconomic, livestock and gender considerations and predictors of malnutrition from a cross-sectional survey

 

CHILDREN 1–3 YEARS

WOMEN REPRODUCTIVE AGE

 

BREASTFEEDING

Non-BREASTFEEDING

NON-PREGNANT

 

Dagoretti (n = 35)

Korogocho (n = 42)

Dagoretti (n = 65)

Korogocho (n = 62)

Dagoretti (n = 100)

Korogocho (n = 104)

Age [months//years] [Mean (SD)]

17.8 (4.0)

18.5 (5.2)

25.4 (5.9)

25.9 (7.1)

26.7 (6.3)

25.6 (5.9)

Child female [%(CI)]

48.6 (31.5–65.6)

34.9 (20.2–49.5)

44.6 (32.3–56.9)

45.2 (32.6–57.8)

-

-

Child prematurity [%(CI)]

11.4 (0.6–22.3)

11.6 (1.8–21.5)

4.7 (–0.6–10.0)

8.2 (1.2–15.2)

-

-

HAZ [Z-scores] [Mean (SD)]

−1.34 (1.07)

−2.23*** (0.98)

−1.70 (1.27)

−1.90 (1.17)

-

-

WHZ [Z-scores] [Mean (SD)]

−0.15 (1.34)

−0.45 (1.17)

0.07 (1.46)

−0.14 (1.09)

-

-

BMI [kg/m2] [Mean (SD)]

-

-

-

-

24.2 (4.6)

23.3 (3.8)

Haemoglobin [g/dL] [Mean (SD)]

10.1 (1.1)

10.2 (1.3)

10.2 (1.3)

9.8 (1.7)

12.7 (1.8)

12.8 (1.8)

Prevalence of: [%(CI)] Stunting (<−2Z-score)

25.7 (10.5–40.9)

53.5* (38.0–69.0)

38.5 (26.3–50.6)

45.2 (32.4–57.9)

  

Wasting (<−2Z-score)

2.9 (−0.3–8.7)

11.6 (1.6–21.6)

1.5 (−0.2–4.6)

3.2 (−0.1–7.7)

  

BMI <18.5 kg/m2 (underweight)

-

-

-

-

7.0 (1.9–12.1)

9.5 (3.8–15.2)

BMI >25 kg/m2 (overweight)

-

-

-

-

22.2 (13.9–30.6)

16.3 (9.1–23.6)

BMI >30 kg/m2 (obese)

-

-

-

-

12.1 (5.6–18.7)

7.7 (2.5–12.9)

Anaemia (<11 g/dL) // (<12 g/dL) [% (CI)]

85.7 (73.5–97.9)

65.1 (50.3–80.0)*

70.8 (59.4–82.1)

77.4 (66.7–88.1)

26.0 (17.3–34.7)

25.7 (17.2–34.2)

MDDa [% (CI)]

74.3 (59.4–89.2)

52.4*(36.8–67.9)

83.1 (73.8–92.4)

61.3** (48.9–73.6)

-

-

WDDSb [Mean (SD)]

-

-

-

-

4.4 (1.1)

4.1* (1.4)

Intake of: [Mean (SD)]

Complementary food intake

WHO 2002 recommended intakec (12–23 months)

Total intake

Total % at risk of inadequacyd

Total intake

Total% at risk of inadequacyd

Energy [kcal/d]

898.4 (572.9)

703.5 (399.0)

-

1255.7 (441.2)

1009.9** (514.5)

-

1928.7 (725.5)

1768.1 (822.4)

-

Carbohydrates [g/d]

154.4 (104.3)

124.0 (69.4)

-

206.2 (75.6)

171.8 (86.3)*

-

320.5 (119.2)

295.8 (137.5)

-

Protein [g/d]

22.4 (15.2)

17.6 (11.2)

-

33.1 (14.2)

24.1***(15.4)

6.1

47.9 (22.0)

42.9 (25.5)

30.6

Fats [g/d]

22.7 (19.3)

17.0 (14.1)

-

35.6 (17.6)

27.0** (19.5)

-

53.1 (30.9)

48.5 (33.41)

-

Calcium [mg/d]

265.8 (189.8)

222.4 (188.4)

500

481.6 (257.3)

343.7** (242.2)

52.4

597.9 (328.7)

461.4*** (299.4)

93.8

Iron [mg/d]

5.4 (4.1)

4.1 (2.9)

5.8

7.7 (3.9)

5.7** (4.0)

98.7

13.0 (7.5)

11.8 (7.4)

19.6

Zinc [mg/d]

3.2 (1.9)

2.4 (1.4)

4.1

4.8 (2.4)

3.3*** (1.9)

7.7

7.1 (3.1)

6.1* (3. 5)

61.3

Vitamin A [μg RE/d]

676.4 (825.0)

495.1 (687.2)

400

770.9 (675.4)

561.2 (629.5)

11.5

1575.3 (1620.3)

1409.7 (1516.9)

6.9

Vitamin B1 [mg/d]

0.5 (0.4)

0.4 (0.3)

0.5

0.7 (0.4)

0.5** (0.5)

22.6

1.1 (0.7)

1.0 (0.6)

32.3

Vitamin B2 [mg/d]

0.6 (0.5)

0.4 (0.3)

0.5

0.8 (0.4)

0.6*** (0.5)

18.8

1.0 (0.5)

0.9* (0.5)

49.7

Vitamin B3 [mg/d]

5.8 (3.8)

4.1 (3.9)*

6

7.4 (3.5)

5.3*** (3.2)

33.5

10.3 (4.4)

9.2 (5.3)

70.0

Vitamin B6 [mg/d]

0.9 (0.6)

0.7 (0.6)

0.5

1.2 (0.7)

0.8***(0.5)

8.9

1.5 (0.8)

1.3* (0.8)

22.9

Folate [μg DFE/d]

209.9 (232.6)

122.9* (116.7)

160

303.4 (244.7)

220.1*(206.8)

18.9

468.1 (411.7)

359.8*(317.5)

33.1

Vitamin B12 [μg/d]

5.2 (7.3)

4.8 (5.4)

0.9

7.4 (9.7)

4.8 (6.5)

8.8

14.9 (17.7)

16.9 (17.9)

-

Vitamin C [mg/d]

55.7 (44.7)

57.3 (55.4)

30

80.9 (59.5)

70.9 (68.7)

3.2

131.5 (92.8)

123.4 (104.6)

6.3

  1. n for child intake = 204; n for women intake = 204
  2. The data were collected between 02–20/12/13 and 7–16/01/14 in Dagoretti, and between 21/01/14 and 21/02/14 in Korogocho
  3. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, DFE dietary folate equivalents, HAZ height-for-age Z-scores, n sample size, N/A not available, RE retinol equivalents, RNI recommended nutrient intake, SD standard deviation, WHZ weight-for-height Z-scores
  4. *p-value ≤0.05; **p-value ≤ 0.01; ***p-value ≤ 0.001
  5. aMinimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) for infants: proportion of children 6–23 months of age who received foods from 4 or more food groups (on a 7-point food group scale proposed by WHO for children 6–23 months, here used up to 36 months) [35]; bWomen’s Dietary Diversity Score (WDDS) for women: 9-point food group score proposed by FAO [34]; cAcording to WHO 2002 intakes [33]; dPrevalence of inadequacy calculated by IMAPP software, based on EAR cut-off point
  6. // difference in indicator or units for children and women
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BMC Nutrition

ISSN: 2055-0928

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