Table 1 Demographic information of study participants, according to study group^a

Child age in months (mean ± SE)

26.8 ± 1.6

23.4 ± 1.9

0.184

Percent underweight, Weight-for-age Z-score < −2 ^b

44 (72%)

24 (39%)

< 0.001^c

Percent male

34 (56%)

33 (55%)

0.856

Percent with living father

58 (95%)

54 (86%)

0.088

Percent with father present in the home

26 (42%)

49 (80%)

< 0.001^c

Highest Paternal Education (mean ± SE)

6.9 (0.4)

6.0 (0.6)

0.236

None or some primary

38 (62%)

37 (61%)

0.852

Some secondary or higher

23(38%)

24 (39%)

0.464

Percent with living mother

59 (97%)

59 (97%)

1.000

Percent with mother or grandmother present in the home

58 (95%)

55 (90%)

0.299

Highest Maternal Education (mean years ± SE)

3.0 ± 0.4

3.6 ± 0.4

0.290

None

23 (38%)

24 (39%)

0.852

Some primary

34 (56%)

32 (52%)

0.716

Some secondary or higher

4 (6%)

5 (9%)

1.000

Percent with tin roof

9 (15%)

10 (16%)

0.803

Percent with mud walls, no cement or bricks

54 (89%)

55 (90%)

0.769

Number of birth children (mean ± SE)

4.2 ± 0.3

3.8 ± 0.3

0.257

Married, monogamous

25 (41%)

45 (73.8%)

0.003^c

Married, polygamous

29 (48%)

12 (20%)

0.001^c

Separated, divorced, or widowed

7 (11%)

4 (6.6%)

0.093