Table 6 Determinant factors of chronic energy deficiency of lactating women from lowland and highland communities of district Raya Alamata, Southern Tigiray, Ethiopia, 2014
Variables | Chronic energy deficiency | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowland | Highland | |||||||
No | Yes | Crude | Adjusted | No | Yes | Crude | Adjusted | |
N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Age | ||||||||
< 25 | 67(74.4%) | 23(25.6%) | 1 | 1 | 59(72.8%) | 22(27.2%) | ||
25–35 | 93(86.9%) | 14(13.1%) | 0.439(0.21, 0.91)* | 0.139(0.036, 0.540)** | 92(79.3%) | 24(20.7%) | ||
> 35 | 28(90.3%) | 3(9.7%) | 0.3(.087, 1.12)* | 0.106(0.01, 1.05) | 21(67.7%) | 10(32.3%) | ||
Family size | ||||||||
< = 3 | 35(74.5%) | 12(25.5%) | 1 | 1 | 26(65.0%) | 14(35.0%) | ||
4–6 | 101(84.9%) | 18(15.1%) | 0.52(0.22, 1.18)* | 0.41(0.10, 1.66) | 104(78.2%) | 29(21.8%) | ||
> = 7 | 52(83.9%) | 10(16.1%) | 0.56(0.21, 1.43)* | 0.90(0.12, 6.74) | 42(76.4%) | 13(23.6%) | ||
Maternal education | ||||||||
Illiterate | 111(83.5%) | 22(16.5%) | 1 | 1 | 125(74.9%) | 42(25.1%) | ||
Read and write | 20(83.3%) | 4(16.7%) | 1.0(0.31, 3.24) | 0.89(0.13, 5.77) | 18(85.7%) | 3(14.3%) | ||
Elementary school | 21(91.3%) | 2(8.7%) | 0.48(0.105, 2.19) | 0.20(0.02, 1.59) | 11(68.8%) | 5(31.2%) | ||
Junior and above | 36(75.0%) | 12(25.0%) | 1.68(0.75, 3.73)* | 0.39(0.08, 1.94) | 18(75.0%) | 6(25.0%) | ||
Husband education | ||||||||
Illiterate | 92(85.2%) | 16(14.8%) | 1 | 1 | 78(81.2%) | 18(18.8%) | 1 | 1 |
Read and write | 38(80.9%) | 9(19.1%) | 1.36(0.55, 3.34) | 2.72(0.73, 10.05) | 39(75.0%) | 13(25.0%) | 1.44(0.64, 3.2) | 1.19(0.47, 3.01) |
Elementary school | 12(80.0%) | 3(20.0%) | 1.43(0.36, 5.66) | 1.09(0.13, 9.14) | 17(68.0%) | 8(32.0%) | 2.0(0.76, 5.4)* | 1.86(0.62, 5.6) |
Junior and above | 24(75.0%) | 8(25.0%) | 1.91(0.73, 5.00)* | 1.84(0.42, 8.08) | 21(70.0%) | 9(30.0%) | 1.8(0.73, 4.7)* | 2.32(0.71, 7.56) |
Husband occupation | ||||||||
Farmer | 100(81.3%) | 23(18.7%) | 1 | 1 | 102(81.0%) | 24(19.0%) | ||
Merchant/trade | 24(77.4%) | 7(22.6%) | 1.26(0.48, 3.29) | 1.06(0.26, 4.23) | 25(71.4%) | 10(28.6%) | ||
Private org. Employee | 23(92.0%) | 2(8.0%) | 0.37(0.08, 1.71)* | 0.105(0.016, .694)** | 15(60.0%) | 10(40.0%) | ||
Other | 19(82.6%) | 4(17.4%) | 0.91(0.28, 2.94) | 0.32(0.06, 1.51) | 13(76.5%) | 4(23.5%) | ||
Have TV/Radio/Mobile | ||||||||
No | 62(82.7%) | 13(17.3%) | 99(72.3%) | 38(27.7%) | 1.55(0.8, 2.9)* | 1.83(0.79, 4.27) | ||
Yes | 126(82.4%) | 27(17.6%) | 73 (80.2%) | 18 (19.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Supplementing vitamin A | ||||||||
No | 85(77.3%) | 25(22.7%) | 2.02(1.01, 4.07)* | 2.78(1.1, 7.4)** | 111(76.6%) | 34(23.4%) | ||
Yes | 103(87.3%) | 15(12.7%) | 1 | 1 | 61(73.5%) | 22(26.5%) | ||
Parity | ||||||||
< = 2 | 74(78.7%) | 20(21.3%) | 1 | 1 | 58(70.7%) | 24(29.3%) | 1 | 1 |
3–6 | 95(86.4%) | 15(13.6%) | 0.58(0.28, 1.21)* | 0.67(0.15, 2.86) | 102(81.0%) | 24(19.0%) | 0.56(0.2, 1.0)* | 0.45(0.2, 0.9)** |
> = 7 | 19(79.2%) | 5(20.8%) | 0.97(0.32, 2.93) | 2.22(0.19, 24.79) | 12(60.0%) | 8(40.0%) | 1.61(0.58, 4.4) | 1.14(0.32, 4.03) |
Frequency of meal | ||||||||
Two times a day | 27(84.4%) | 5(15.6%) | 27(55.1%) | 22(44.9%) | 3.7(1.87, 7.5)* | 4.4(1.8, 10.3)** | ||
Three times a day | 136(81.9%) | 30(18.1%) | 125(82.2%) | 27(17.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
> Three times a day | 25(83.3%) | 5(16.7%) | 20(74.1%) | 7(25.9%) | 1.62(0.62, 4.2) | 1.89(0.61, 5.85) | ||
Consume extra meal | ||||||||
No | 90(71.4%) | 36(28.6%) | 10.01(3.42, 29.2)* | 20.64(5.2, 81.7)** | 93(68.9%) | 42(31.1%) | ||
Yes | 97(96.0%) | 4(4.0%) | 1 | 1 | 79(84.9%) | 14(15.1%) | ||
Type of salt used | ||||||||
Rock Salt | 15(88.2%) | 2(11.8%) | 43(65.2%) | 23(34.8%) | 2.1(1.09, 4.2)* | 2.45(1.04, 6.0)** | ||
Powdered Salt | 37(78.7%) | 10(21.3%) | 19(73.1%) | 7(26.9%) | 1.49(0.55, 3.9) | 1.41(0.38, 5.20) | ||
Imported iodized salt | 17(73.9%) | 6(26.1%) | 17(85.0%) | 3(15.0%) | 0.71(0.19, 2.6) | 0.80(0.18, 3.48) | ||
Local packed iodized salt | 119(84.4%) | 22(15.6%) | 93(80.2%) | 23(19.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Liquid waste disposal | ||||||||
Open field | 51(81.0%) | 12(19.0%) | 103(71.0%) | 42(29.0%) | 2.0(1.02, 3.9)* | 1.76(0.72, 4.3) | ||
In a pit | 137(83.0%) | 28(17.0%) | 69(83.1%) | 14(16.9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Time taken to fetch water | ||||||||
0–15 min | 60(78.9%) | 16(21.1%) | 64(71.1%) | 26(28.9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
16–30 min | 25(78.1%) | 7(21.9%) | 47(75.8%) | 15(24.2%) | 0.78(0.37, 1.6) | 0.55(0.21, 1.41) | ||
> = 30 min | 17(68.0%) | 8(32.0%) | 61(80.3%) | 15(19.7%) | 0.6(0.29, 1.2)* | 0.43(0.18, 1.04) | ||