Table 5 The multivariate (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals) associations between the household, maternal, and child characteristics and the nutritional status of the children
Household Characteristics | Underweight WAZWHO | Stunted HAZWHO | Wasted WHZWHO | Wasted MUAC < 115 cm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 1815 | 1815 | 1815 | 1815 |
Months of inadequate household food provision | ||||
0 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–3 months | 1.06 (0.80–1.41) | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | 0.83 (0.60–1.16) | 0.91 (0.65–1.26) |
4+ months | 1.50 (1.03–2.18) | 1.25 (0.86–1.84) | 1.02 (0.66–1.60) | 1.80 (1.20–2.71) |
P trend | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.80 | 0.03 |
Household food insecurity access score categories | ||||
Food secure access | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Mildly food secure access | 1.12 (0.68–1.84) | 1.06 (0.65–1.71) | 0.71 (0.39–1.28) | 1.04 (0.62–1.75) |
Moderately food insecure | 1.27 (0.89–1.81) | 1.16 (0.83–1.65) | 0.77 (0.50–1.16) | 0.67 (0.44–1.01) |
Severely food insecure access | 1.08 (0.75–1.56) | 1.12 (0.79–1.58) | 0.68 (0.45–1.02) | 0.85 (0.58–1.23) |
P trend | 0.61 | 0.47 | 0.08 | 0.21 |
Household dietary diversity score tertiles | ||||
First | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Second | 0.82 (0.61–1.08) | 0.80 (0.60–1.05) | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | 0.92 (0.67–1.26) |
Third | 0.84 (0.63–1.11) | 0.71 (0.53–0.94) | 0.71 (0.50–1.02) | 0.83 (0.59–1.16) |
P trend | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.27 |
Household amenities score quartiles | ||||
First quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Second quartile | 0.89 (0.65–1.21) | 0.67 (0.50–0.92) | 0.97 (0.66–1.44) | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) |
Third quartile | 0.77 (0.55–1.07) | 0.68 (0.50–0.95) | 1.09 (0.73–1.62) | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) |
Forth quartile | 0.81 (0.58–1.13) | 0.52 (0.37–0.73) | 1.18 (0.78–1.81) | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) |
P trend | 0.15 | 0.002 | 0.37 | 0.34 |
Fence around the household | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 1.13 (0.87–1.46) | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 1.20 (0.88–1.64) | 0.76 (0.56–1.02) |
P | 0.35 | 0.62 | 0.24 | 0.06 |
The household owns livestock | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 1.27 (0.98–1.64) | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | 0.88 (0.65–1.20) |
P | 0.60 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.43 |
Garbage in a trash dump outside the household | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 1.44 (0.84–2.45) | 1.13 (0.69–1.86) | 1.94 (0.98–3.87) | 0.83 (0.51–1.36) |
P | 0.18 | 0.62 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
Region | ||||
Mopti | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sikasso | 1.4 (0.91–1.69) | 1.46 (1.08–1.97) | 0.64 (0.45–0.90) | 1.37 (0.96–1.96) |
P | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
Number of children alive | ||||
1–2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
3–4 | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | 1.03 (0.74–1.45) |
5+ | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | 0.90 (0.68–1.18) | 1.02 (0.73–1.43) | 1.43 (1.03–1.97) |
P trend | 0.69 | 0.13 | 0.89 | 0.03 |
Age class of children (months) | ||||
6–11 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
12–17 | 1.34 (1.02–1.77) | 2.00 (1.50–2.66) | 1.37 (1.00–1.87) | 0.78 (0.58–1.06) |
18–24 | 1.20 (0.87–1.66) | 3.61 (2.63–4.95) | 0.64 (0.41–0.99) | 0.37 (0.24–0.57) |
P trend | 0.19 | 0.001 | 0.10 | 0.001 |
Sex of child | ||||
Girl | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Boy | 1.78 (1.40–2.25) | 1.73 (1.37–2.17) | 1.46 (1.10–1.94) | 0.71 (0.55–0.94) |
P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.015 |
Child born at term | ||||
< 37 weeks | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥ 37 weeks | 0.77 (0.51–1.15) | 1.32 (0.84–2.08) | 0.74 (0.47–1.15) | 0.62 (0.40–0.95) |
P | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.03 |
The child is still breastfed | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 1.02 (0.68–1.53) | 1.13 (0.78–1.63) | 0.92 (0.54–1.58) | 0.74 (0.45–1.23) |
P | 0.93 | 0.53 | 0.76 | 0.24 |
Deworming therapy during the last 6 months | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 0.82 (0.64–1.05) | 0.88 (0.64–1.21) | 0.90 (0.67–1.22) |
P | 0.42 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.054 |
Diarrhea during the past 2 weeks | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 0.88 (0.66–1.18) | 0.64 (0.49–0.85) | 0.83 (0.59–1.15) | 0.84 (0.61–1.15) |
P | 0.40 | 0.002 | 0.26 | 0.27 |