Table 1 Study Participant and Maternal Characteristics, Food Group Consumption and Young Child Feeding Index Components by Site

 Intervention group

Early developmental intervention

n (%)

186 (50)

44 (48)

80 (50)

62 (52)

0.86

Control

185 (50)

48 (52)

79 (50)

58 (48)

 Child sex

Male

n (%)

218 (60)

53 (58)

96 (60)

69 (61)

0.87

Female

146 (40)

39 (42)

63 (40)

44 (39)

 Premature birth

Yes

n (%)

50 (14)

3 (3)

12 (8)

35 (29)

< 0.01

No

318 (86)

87 (97)

146 (92)

85 (71)

 Birth weight(g)

N

360

92

159

109

Mean (SD)

2760 (504)

3159 (444)

2694 (367)

2517 (528)

< 0.01

Median

2700

3100

2600

2500

Min, Max

1500, 4500

2000, 4500

1600, 3800

1500, 3600

 Resuscitated

Yes

n (%)

154 (42)

35 (38)

80 (50)

39 (33)

< 0.01

No

217 (58)

57 (62)

79 (50)

81 (68)

 Exclusively breastfed first 6 months

Yes

n (%)

232 (63)

88 (96)

132 (83)

12 (10)

< 0.01

No

139 (37)

4 (4)

27 (17)

108 (90)

 SES by wealth index terciles

Low (SES score < = − 1.3)

n (%)

176 (47)

28 (30)

74 (47)

74 (62)

< 0.01

Medium (−1.3 < SES score < 2.8)

162 (44)

42 (46)

77 (48)

43 (36)

High (SES score > =2.8)

33 (9)

22 (24)

8 (5)

3 (3)

 Maternal age (years)

N

371

92

159

120

Mean (SD)

24.9 (5.3)

25.2 (6.7)

22.8 (3.0)

27.4 (5.2)

< 0.01

Median

24

24

22

27

Min, Max

15, 44

15, 42

18, 32

17, 44

 Maternal education (years)

No formal education, illiterate

n (%)

170 (48)

6 (7)

58 (38)

106 (97)

< 0.01

Literate, primary

107 (30)

49 (54)

57 (37)

1 (1)

Secondary, university

76 (22)

35 (39)

39 (25)

2 (2)

 Married

Yes

n (%)

349 (98)

86 (93)

154 (100)

109 (100)

< 0.01

No

6 (2)

6 (7)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 Parity

1 to 2

n (%)

202 (55)

55 (61)

107 (68)

40 (33)

< 0.01

3 to 4

98 (27)

16 (18)

48 (30)

34 (28)

5+

68 (18)

19 (21)

3 (2)

46 (38)

 Grains, roots and tubers

Yes

n (%)

371 (100)

92 (100)

159 (100)

120 (100)

N/A

 Fruits and vegetables

Yes

n (%)

341 (92)

92 (100)

141 (89)

108 (90)

< 0.01

No

30 (8)

0 (0)

18 (11)

12 (10)

 Legumes and nuts

Yes

n (%)

155 (42)

84 (91)

65 (41)

6 (5)

< 0.01

No

216 (58)

8 (9)

94 (59)

114 (95)

 Eggs

Yes

n (%)

101 (27)

18 (20)

28 (18)

55 (46)

< 0.01

No

270 (73)

74 (80)

131 (82)

65 (54)

 Meat, fish or insects

Yes

n (%)

104 (28)

57 (62)

4 (3)

43 (36)

< 0.01

No

267 (72)

35 (38)

155 (97)

77 (64)

 Milk and dairy

Yes

n (%)

284 (77)

21 (23)

143 (90)

120 (100)

< 0.01

No

87 (23)

71 (77)

16 (10)

0 (0)

Modified Minimum Dietary

Yes

n (%)

216 (58)

66 (72)

72 (45)

78 (65)

< 0.01

 Diversity

No

155 (42)

26 (28)

87 (55)

42 (35)

Modified Minimum Meal

Yes

n (%)

297 (80)

55 (60)

147 (92)

95 (79)

< 0.01

 Frequency

No

74 (20)

37 (40)

12 (8)

25 (21)

Modified Minimum Acceptable

Yes

n (%)

174 (47)

43 (47)

66 (42)

65 (54)

0.11

 Diet

No

197 (53)

49 (53)

93 (58)

55 (46)

 Height Z-score

N

354

86

158

110

Mean (SD)

−2.36 (1.19)

−2.34 (1.60)

−2.31 (0.95)

−2.44 (1.12)

0.56

Median

−2.28

−2.38

−2.24

−2.37

Min, Max

−5.69, 0.84

−5.69, 0.84

−5.19, −0.18

−5.31, 0.42

 Weight Z-score

N

363

91

159

113

Mean (SD)

−1.54 (1.13)

−0.62 (0.99)

−1.87 (1.01)

−1.81 (1.00)

< 0.01

Median

−1.55

−0.81

−1.80

−1.69

Min, Max

−5.05, 2.33

−3.01, 2.33

−5.05, 0.61

−4.60, 0.61

 Weight-for-Height Z-score

N

354

86

158

110

Mean (SD)

−0.29 (1.50)

1.00 (1.53)

−0.78 (1.22)

− 0.58 (1.26)

< 0.01

Median

−0.40

0.97

−0.93

−0.37

Min, Max

−4.56, 4.05

−3.02, 4.05

− 3.72, 2.70

− 4.56, 2.13

 Head Circumference Z-sore

N

359

91

156

112

Mean (SD)

−0.86 (1.39)

0.42 (1.11)

−1.64 (0.96)

−0.79 (1.31)

< 0.01

Median

−1.03

0.35

−1.78

−0.74

Min, Max

−4.66, 3.18

−2.09, 3.18

− 4.63, 1.00

− 4.66, 1.79

 Stunting

Yes

n (%)

218 (59)

48 (52)

96 (60)

74 (62)

0.33

No

153 (41)

44 (48)

63 (40)

46 (38)

 Wasting

Yes

n (%)

44 (12)

4 (4)

25 (16)

15 (13)

0.03

No

327 (88)

88 (96)

134 (84)

105 (88)