Advertisement
Table 1 Study Participant and Maternal Characteristics, Food Group Consumption and Young Child Feeding Index Components by Site
| Measures | Subgroup | Statistic | All study participants N = 371 | Zambia N = 92 | India N = 159 | Pakistan N = 120 | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study participant characteristics | |||||||
| Intervention group | Early developmental intervention | n (%) | 186 (50) | 44 (48) | 80 (50) | 62 (52) | 0.86 |
| Control | 185 (50) | 48 (52) | 79 (50) | 58 (48) | |||
| Child sex | Male | n (%) | 218 (60) | 53 (58) | 96 (60) | 69 (61) | 0.87 |
| Female | 146 (40) | 39 (42) | 63 (40) | 44 (39) | |||
| Premature birth | Yes | n (%) | 50 (14) | 3 (3) | 12 (8) | 35 (29) | < 0.01 |
| No | 318 (86) | 87 (97) | 146 (92) | 85 (71) | |||
| Birth weight(g) | N | 360 | 92 | 159 | 109 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 2760 (504) | 3159 (444) | 2694 (367) | 2517 (528) | < 0.01 | ||
| Median | 2700 | 3100 | 2600 | 2500 | |||
| Min, Max | 1500, 4500 | 2000, 4500 | 1600, 3800 | 1500, 3600 | |||
| Resuscitated | Yes | n (%) | 154 (42) | 35 (38) | 80 (50) | 39 (33) | < 0.01 |
| No | 217 (58) | 57 (62) | 79 (50) | 81 (68) | |||
| Exclusively breastfed first 6 months | Yes | n (%) | 232 (63) | 88 (96) | 132 (83) | 12 (10) | < 0.01 |
| No | 139 (37) | 4 (4) | 27 (17) | 108 (90) | |||
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||
| SES by wealth index terciles | Low (SES score < = − 1.3) | n (%) | 176 (47) | 28 (30) | 74 (47) | 74 (62) | < 0.01 |
| Medium (−1.3 < SES score < 2.8) | 162 (44) | 42 (46) | 77 (48) | 43 (36) | |||
| High (SES score > =2.8) | 33 (9) | 22 (24) | 8 (5) | 3 (3) | |||
| Maternal age (years) | N | 371 | 92 | 159 | 120 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 24.9 (5.3) | 25.2 (6.7) | 22.8 (3.0) | 27.4 (5.2) | < 0.01 | ||
| Median | 24 | 24 | 22 | 27 | |||
| Min, Max | 15, 44 | 15, 42 | 18, 32 | 17, 44 | |||
| Maternal education (years) | No formal education, illiterate | n (%) | 170 (48) | 6 (7) | 58 (38) | 106 (97) | < 0.01 |
| Literate, primary | 107 (30) | 49 (54) | 57 (37) | 1 (1) | |||
| Secondary, university | 76 (22) | 35 (39) | 39 (25) | 2 (2) | |||
| Married | Yes | n (%) | 349 (98) | 86 (93) | 154 (100) | 109 (100) | < 0.01 |
| No | 6 (2) | 6 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Parity | 1 to 2 | n (%) | 202 (55) | 55 (61) | 107 (68) | 40 (33) | < 0.01 |
| 3 to 4 | 98 (27) | 16 (18) | 48 (30) | 34 (28) | |||
| 5+ | 68 (18) | 19 (21) | 3 (2) | 46 (38) | |||
| Child food consumption at 36 months | |||||||
| Grains, roots and tubers | Yes | n (%) | 371 (100) | 92 (100) | 159 (100) | 120 (100) | N/A |
| Fruits and vegetables | Yes | n (%) | 341 (92) | 92 (100) | 141 (89) | 108 (90) | < 0.01 |
| No | 30 (8) | 0 (0) | 18 (11) | 12 (10) | |||
| Legumes and nuts | Yes | n (%) | 155 (42) | 84 (91) | 65 (41) | 6 (5) | < 0.01 |
| No | 216 (58) | 8 (9) | 94 (59) | 114 (95) | |||
| Eggs | Yes | n (%) | 101 (27) | 18 (20) | 28 (18) | 55 (46) | < 0.01 |
| No | 270 (73) | 74 (80) | 131 (82) | 65 (54) | |||
| Meat, fish or insects | Yes | n (%) | 104 (28) | 57 (62) | 4 (3) | 43 (36) | < 0.01 |
| No | 267 (72) | 35 (38) | 155 (97) | 77 (64) | |||
| Milk and dairy | Yes | n (%) | 284 (77) | 21 (23) | 143 (90) | 120 (100) | < 0.01 |
| No | 87 (23) | 71 (77) | 16 (10) | 0 (0) | |||
| Young Child Feeding Index components | |||||||
| Modified Minimum Dietary | Yes | n (%) | 216 (58) | 66 (72) | 72 (45) | 78 (65) | < 0.01 |
| Diversity | No | 155 (42) | 26 (28) | 87 (55) | 42 (35) | ||
| Modified Minimum Meal | Yes | n (%) | 297 (80) | 55 (60) | 147 (92) | 95 (79) | < 0.01 |
| Frequency | No | 74 (20) | 37 (40) | 12 (8) | 25 (21) | ||
| Modified Minimum Acceptable | Yes | n (%) | 174 (47) | 43 (47) | 66 (42) | 65 (54) | 0.11 |
| Diet | No | 197 (53) | 49 (53) | 93 (58) | 55 (46) | ||
| Child growth at 36 months | |||||||
| Height Z-score | N | 354 | 86 | 158 | 110 | ||
| Mean (SD) | −2.36 (1.19) | −2.34 (1.60) | −2.31 (0.95) | −2.44 (1.12) | 0.56 | ||
| Median | −2.28 | −2.38 | −2.24 | −2.37 | |||
| Min, Max | −5.69, 0.84 | −5.69, 0.84 | −5.19, −0.18 | −5.31, 0.42 | |||
| Weight Z-score | N | 363 | 91 | 159 | 113 | ||
| Mean (SD) | −1.54 (1.13) | −0.62 (0.99) | −1.87 (1.01) | −1.81 (1.00) | < 0.01 | ||
| Median | −1.55 | −0.81 | −1.80 | −1.69 | |||
| Min, Max | −5.05, 2.33 | −3.01, 2.33 | −5.05, 0.61 | −4.60, 0.61 | |||
| Weight-for-Height Z-score | N | 354 | 86 | 158 | 110 | ||
| Mean (SD) | −0.29 (1.50) | 1.00 (1.53) | −0.78 (1.22) | − 0.58 (1.26) | < 0.01 | ||
| Median | −0.40 | 0.97 | −0.93 | −0.37 | |||
| Min, Max | −4.56, 4.05 | −3.02, 4.05 | − 3.72, 2.70 | − 4.56, 2.13 | |||
| Head Circumference Z-sore | N | 359 | 91 | 156 | 112 | ||
| Mean (SD) | −0.86 (1.39) | 0.42 (1.11) | −1.64 (0.96) | −0.79 (1.31) | < 0.01 | ||
| Median | −1.03 | 0.35 | −1.78 | −0.74 | |||
| Min, Max | −4.66, 3.18 | −2.09, 3.18 | − 4.63, 1.00 | − 4.66, 1.79 | |||
| Stunting | Yes | n (%) | 218 (59) | 48 (52) | 96 (60) | 74 (62) | 0.33 |
| No | 153 (41) | 44 (48) | 63 (40) | 46 (38) | |||
| Wasting | Yes | n (%) | 44 (12) | 4 (4) | 25 (16) | 15 (13) | 0.03 |
| No | 327 (88) | 88 (96) | 134 (84) | 105 (88) | |||
