|
Study participant characteristics
|
|
Intervention group
|
Early developmental intervention
|
n (%)
|
186 (50)
|
44 (48)
|
80 (50)
|
62 (52)
|
0.86
|
|
Control
| |
185 (50)
|
48 (52)
|
79 (50)
|
58 (48)
| |
|
Child sex
|
Male
|
n (%)
|
218 (60)
|
53 (58)
|
96 (60)
|
69 (61)
|
0.87
|
|
Female
| |
146 (40)
|
39 (42)
|
63 (40)
|
44 (39)
| |
|
Premature birth
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
50 (14)
|
3 (3)
|
12 (8)
|
35 (29)
|
< 0.01
|
|
No
| |
318 (86)
|
87 (97)
|
146 (92)
|
85 (71)
| |
|
Birth weight(g)
| |
N
|
360
|
92
|
159
|
109
| |
| |
Mean (SD)
|
2760 (504)
|
3159 (444)
|
2694 (367)
|
2517 (528)
|
< 0.01
|
| |
Median
|
2700
|
3100
|
2600
|
2500
| |
| |
Min, Max
|
1500, 4500
|
2000, 4500
|
1600, 3800
|
1500, 3600
| |
|
Resuscitated
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
154 (42)
|
35 (38)
|
80 (50)
|
39 (33)
|
< 0.01
|
|
No
| |
217 (58)
|
57 (62)
|
79 (50)
|
81 (68)
| |
|
Exclusively breastfed first 6 months
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
232 (63)
|
88 (96)
|
132 (83)
|
12 (10)
|
< 0.01
|
|
No
| |
139 (37)
|
4 (4)
|
27 (17)
|
108 (90)
| |
|
Maternal characteristics
|
|
SES by wealth index terciles
|
Low (SES score < = − 1.3)
|
n (%)
|
176 (47)
|
28 (30)
|
74 (47)
|
74 (62)
|
< 0.01
|
|
Medium (−1.3 < SES score < 2.8)
| |
162 (44)
|
42 (46)
|
77 (48)
|
43 (36)
| |
|
High (SES score > =2.8)
| |
33 (9)
|
22 (24)
|
8 (5)
|
3 (3)
| |
|
Maternal age (years)
| |
N
|
371
|
92
|
159
|
120
| |
| |
Mean (SD)
|
24.9 (5.3)
|
25.2 (6.7)
|
22.8 (3.0)
|
27.4 (5.2)
|
< 0.01
|
| |
Median
|
24
|
24
|
22
|
27
| |
| |
Min, Max
|
15, 44
|
15, 42
|
18, 32
|
17, 44
| |
|
Maternal education (years)
|
No formal education, illiterate
|
n (%)
|
170 (48)
|
6 (7)
|
58 (38)
|
106 (97)
|
< 0.01
|
|
Literate, primary
| |
107 (30)
|
49 (54)
|
57 (37)
|
1 (1)
| |
|
Secondary, university
| |
76 (22)
|
35 (39)
|
39 (25)
|
2 (2)
| |
|
Married
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
349 (98)
|
86 (93)
|
154 (100)
|
109 (100)
|
< 0.01
|
|
No
| |
6 (2)
|
6 (7)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
| |
|
Parity
|
1 to 2
|
n (%)
|
202 (55)
|
55 (61)
|
107 (68)
|
40 (33)
|
< 0.01
|
|
3 to 4
| |
98 (27)
|
16 (18)
|
48 (30)
|
34 (28)
| |
|
5+
| |
68 (18)
|
19 (21)
|
3 (2)
|
46 (38)
| |
|
Child food consumption at 36 months
|
|
Grains, roots and tubers
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
371 (100)
|
92 (100)
|
159 (100)
|
120 (100)
|
N/A
|
|
Fruits and vegetables
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
341 (92)
|
92 (100)
|
141 (89)
|
108 (90)
|
< 0.01
|
|
No
| |
30 (8)
|
0 (0)
|
18 (11)
|
12 (10)
| |
|
Legumes and nuts
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
155 (42)
|
84 (91)
|
65 (41)
|
6 (5)
|
< 0.01
|
|
No
| |
216 (58)
|
8 (9)
|
94 (59)
|
114 (95)
| |
|
Eggs
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
101 (27)
|
18 (20)
|
28 (18)
|
55 (46)
|
< 0.01
|
|
No
| |
270 (73)
|
74 (80)
|
131 (82)
|
65 (54)
| |
|
Meat, fish or insects
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
104 (28)
|
57 (62)
|
4 (3)
|
43 (36)
|
< 0.01
|
|
No
| |
267 (72)
|
35 (38)
|
155 (97)
|
77 (64)
| |
|
Milk and dairy
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
284 (77)
|
21 (23)
|
143 (90)
|
120 (100)
|
< 0.01
|
|
No
| |
87 (23)
|
71 (77)
|
16 (10)
|
0 (0)
| |
|
Young Child Feeding Index components
|
|
Modified Minimum Dietary
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
216 (58)
|
66 (72)
|
72 (45)
|
78 (65)
|
< 0.01
|
|
Diversity
|
No
| |
155 (42)
|
26 (28)
|
87 (55)
|
42 (35)
| |
|
Modified Minimum Meal
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
297 (80)
|
55 (60)
|
147 (92)
|
95 (79)
|
< 0.01
|
|
Frequency
|
No
| |
74 (20)
|
37 (40)
|
12 (8)
|
25 (21)
| |
|
Modified Minimum Acceptable
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
174 (47)
|
43 (47)
|
66 (42)
|
65 (54)
|
0.11
|
|
Diet
|
No
| |
197 (53)
|
49 (53)
|
93 (58)
|
55 (46)
| |
|
Child growth at 36 months
|
|
Height Z-score
| |
N
|
354
|
86
|
158
|
110
| |
| |
Mean (SD)
|
−2.36 (1.19)
|
−2.34 (1.60)
|
−2.31 (0.95)
|
−2.44 (1.12)
|
0.56
|
| |
Median
|
−2.28
|
−2.38
|
−2.24
|
−2.37
| |
| |
Min, Max
|
−5.69, 0.84
|
−5.69, 0.84
|
−5.19, −0.18
|
−5.31, 0.42
| |
|
Weight Z-score
| |
N
|
363
|
91
|
159
|
113
| |
| |
Mean (SD)
|
−1.54 (1.13)
|
−0.62 (0.99)
|
−1.87 (1.01)
|
−1.81 (1.00)
|
< 0.01
|
| |
Median
|
−1.55
|
−0.81
|
−1.80
|
−1.69
| |
| |
Min, Max
|
−5.05, 2.33
|
−3.01, 2.33
|
−5.05, 0.61
|
−4.60, 0.61
| |
|
Weight-for-Height Z-score
| |
N
|
354
|
86
|
158
|
110
| |
| |
Mean (SD)
|
−0.29 (1.50)
|
1.00 (1.53)
|
−0.78 (1.22)
|
− 0.58 (1.26)
|
< 0.01
|
| |
Median
|
−0.40
|
0.97
|
−0.93
|
−0.37
| |
| |
Min, Max
|
−4.56, 4.05
|
−3.02, 4.05
|
− 3.72, 2.70
|
− 4.56, 2.13
| |
|
Head Circumference Z-sore
| |
N
|
359
|
91
|
156
|
112
| |
| |
Mean (SD)
|
−0.86 (1.39)
|
0.42 (1.11)
|
−1.64 (0.96)
|
−0.79 (1.31)
|
< 0.01
|
| |
Median
|
−1.03
|
0.35
|
−1.78
|
−0.74
| |
| |
Min, Max
|
−4.66, 3.18
|
−2.09, 3.18
|
− 4.63, 1.00
|
− 4.66, 1.79
| |
|
Stunting
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
218 (59)
|
48 (52)
|
96 (60)
|
74 (62)
|
0.33
|
|
No
| |
153 (41)
|
44 (48)
|
63 (40)
|
46 (38)
| |
|
Wasting
|
Yes
|
n (%)
|
44 (12)
|
4 (4)
|
25 (16)
|
15 (13)
|
0.03
|
|
No
| |
327 (88)
|
88 (96)
|
134 (84)
|
105 (88)
| |
