Associations between feeding practices and growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 36 months among children living in low- and low-middle income countries who participated in the BRAIN-HIT trial

Do, Barbara T.; Hansen, Nellie I.; Bann, Carla; Lander, Rebecca L.; Goudar, Shivaprasad S.; Pasha, Omrana; Chomba, Elwyn; Dhaded, Sangappa M.; Thorsten, Vanessa R.; Wallander, Jan L.; Biasini, Fred J.; Derman, Richard; Goldenberg, Robert L.; Carlo, Waldemar A.

doi:10.1186/s40795-018-0228-9

Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted means for 36 month anthropometric measures

From: Associations between feeding practices and growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 36 months among children living in low- and low-middle income countries who participated in the BRAIN-HIT trial

			Height Z-Score^a			Weight Z-Score^a			Weight-for-Height Z-Score^a
Measures		N ^b	Mean ± SD (unadjusted)	Mean (adjusted)^c	P value^c	Mean ± SD (unadjusted)	Mean (adjusted)^c	P value^c	Mean ± SD (unadjusted)	Mean (adjusted)^c	P value^c
Exclusively breastfed first 6 months	Yes	223	−2.30 ± 1.22	− 2.30	0.19	−1.39 ± 1.22	−1.32	0.72	−0.15 ± 1.61	− 0.04	0.41
Exclusively breastfed first 6 months	No	131	− 2.47 ± 1.12	−2.56		−1.80 ± 0.90	−1.38		− 0.52 ± 1.26	0.15
Legumes and nuts	Yes	148	−2.41 ± 1.35	−2.58	0.07	− 1.23 ± 1.27	− 1.41	0.44	0.20 ± 1.63	0.13	0.41
Legumes and nuts	No	206	−2.32 ± 1.06	−2.28		−1.77 ± 0.96	−1.30		−0.64 ± 1.29	−0.02
Eggs	Yes	93	−2.46 ± 1.07	−2.46	0.78	−1.57 ± 1.03	−1.29	0.49	−0.24 ± 1.32	0.20	0.26
Eggs	No	261	−2.33 ± 1.23	−2.42		−1.52 ± 1.16	−1.38		−0.31 ± 1.56	0.01
Meat, fish or insects	Yes	95	−2.39 ± 1.51	−2.42	0.92	−1.12 ± 1.19	−1.32	0.77	0.25 ± 1.81	0.04	0.92
Meat, fish or insects	No	259	−2.35 ± 1.05	−2.44		−1.70 ± 1.07	−1.36		−0.48 ± 1.32	0.06
Milk and dairy	Yes	270	−2.38 ± 1.11	−2.46	0.61	−1.73 ± 1.10	−1.34	0.81	−0.55 ± 1.37	0.09	0.66
Milk and dairy	No	84	−2.28 ± 1.40	−2.34		−0.91 ± 0.99	−1.39		0.56 ± 1.59	−0.03
Modified Minimum Dietary Diversity	Yes	203	−2.41 ± 1.25	−2.48	0.36	−1.44 ± 1.20	−1.33	0.66	−0.09 ± 1.53	0.15	0.12
Modified Minimum Dietary Diversity	No	151	−2.30 ± 1.10	−2.36		−1.68 ± 1.01	−1.38		−0.55 ± 1.42	−0.09
Modified Minimum Meal Frequency	Yes	284	−2.41 ± 1.15	−2.50	0.12	−1.59 ± 1.15	−1.32	0.35	− 0.31 ± 1.52	0.16	0.02
Modified Minimum Meal Frequency	No	70	−2.16 ± 1.32	−2.23		−1.31 ± 1.03	−1.45		− 0.21 ± 1.43	− 0.28
Modified Minimum Acceptable Diet	Yes	164	−2.47 ± 1.22	−2.52	0.18	−1.51 ± 1.23	−1.33	0.65	− 0.12 ± 1.60	0.20	0.05
Modified Minimum Acceptable Diet	No	190	−2.27 ± 1.15	−2.35		−1.56 ± 1.04	−1.38		−0.43 ± 1.40	−0.08

^aZ-scores deemed implausible according to WHO criteria were set to missing. This includes: WAZ < -6SD or > 5SD; HAZ < -6SD or > 6SD; WHZ < -5SD or > 5SD
^b N includes those with non-missing height and weight-for-height measurements (N = 354). There were additional weight measurements available (N = 363)
^cAdjusted means were estimated using linear models fitting each anthropometric outcome and adjusted for SES, site, intervention group, resuscitation status, sex, exclusively breastfed first 6 months, birth weight, preterm status, maternal age, and maternal education level. Statistical significance for a difference in means for those with and without each food consumption measure was determined by the F test. Tests of whether the association between measure and outcome differed by site were conducted with none found to be significant. Interactions involving milk and dairy could not be tested as all participants from Pakistan received milk and dairy on an average day

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ISSN: 2055-0928

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