| |
Head Circumference Z-Scorea
|
|---|
|
Measures
| |
N
b
|
Mean ± SD (unadjusted)
|
Mean (adjusted)c
|
P valuec
|
|---|
|
Exclusively breastfed first 6 months
|
Yes
|
228
|
−0.82 ± 1.45
|
−0.81
|
0.92
|
|
No
|
131
|
−0.92 ± 1.27
|
−0.79
| |
|
Legumes and nuts
|
Yes
|
153
|
−0.55 ± 1.51
|
−0.92
|
0.15
|
|
No
|
206
|
− 1.08 ± 1.25
|
−0.69
| |
|
Eggs
|
Yes
|
95
|
−0.56 ± 1.28
|
–
|
–
|
|
No
|
264
|
−0.96 ± 1.41
| | |
|
Zambia
|
Yes
|
18
|
0.32 ± 1.29
|
0.20
|
0.94
|
|
No
|
73
|
0.44 ± 1.07
|
0.18
| |
|
India
|
Yes
|
28
|
−1.62 ± 0.92
|
− 1.68
|
0.74
|
|
No
|
128
|
−1.65 ± 0.97
|
−1.75
| |
|
Pakistan
|
Yes
|
49
|
−0.28 ± 1.05
|
−0.31
|
< 0.01
|
|
No
|
63
|
−1.19 ± 1.35
|
− 1.24
| |
|
Meat, fish or insects
|
Yes
|
101
|
−0.33 ± 1.32
|
–
|
–
|
|
No
|
258
|
−1.06 ± 1.36
| | |
|
Zambia
|
Yes
|
57
|
0.27 ± 0.97
|
0.07
|
0.13
|
|
No
|
34
|
0.66 ± 1.29
|
0.44
| |
|
India
|
Yes
|
4
|
−0.77 ± 1.24
|
− 0.91
|
0.12
|
|
No
|
152
|
−1.67 ± 0.94
|
−1.78
| |
|
Pakistan
|
Yes
|
40
|
−1.14 ± 1.34
|
−1.30
|
< 0.01
|
|
No
|
72
|
−0.60 ± 1.26
|
− 0.68
| |
|
Milk and dairy
|
Yes
|
273
|
−1.16 ± 1.28
|
−0.87
|
0.22
|
|
No
|
86
|
0.11 ± 1.29
|
−0.61
| |
|
Modified Minimum Dietary Diversity
|
Yes
|
209
|
−0.74 ± 1.42
|
−0.86
|
0.27
|
|
No
|
150
|
−1.01 ± 1.33
|
−0.72
| |
|
Modified Minimum Meal Frequency
|
Yes
|
287
|
−0.97 ± 1.32
|
−0.77
|
0.32
|
|
No
|
72
|
−0.41 ± 1.54
|
−0.92
| |
|
Modified Minimum Acceptable Diet
|
Yes
|
168
|
−0.79 ± 1.36
|
−0.78
|
0.65
|
|
No
|
191
|
−0.91 ± 1.41
|
−0.83
| |
- aZ-scores deemed implausible (<-5SD or > 5SD) according to WHO criteria were set to missing
- b N includes those with non-missing head circumference measurements
- cAdjusted means were estimated using linear models fitting head circumference Z score and adjusted for SES, site, intervention group, resuscitation status, sex, exclusively breastfed first 6 months, birth weight, preterm status, maternal age, and maternal education level. Statistical significance for a difference in means for those with and without each food consumption measure was determined by the F test. Tests of whether the association between each measure and the outcome differed by site were conducted. Interactions with site were significant for egg consumption (p = 0.01) and for meat, fish, or insects (p = 0.05); head circumference Z score means are shown by site for these measures
