Table 2 – Interventions targeting sugar consumption
Author (year) | Study Characteristics | Study Outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model type | Time Horizon | Target foods | Type of intervention(s) | Voluntary/mandatory | Reduction in individual intake | Reduction in weight | Reduction in the incidence of clinical outcomes | |
Briggs et al. (2017) [39] | Epidemiological | 1y | High and mid-sugar drinks | ↓30% in sugar for high-sugar drinks; 15% for mid-sugar drinks | Mandatory | 5.38 sugar g/day (27.5%, UI = 4.19–5.76) - i.e. about 21 Kcal/day | – | T2D incidence: 31.1 per 100,000 persons (UI = 11–53) |
Obesity prevalence: 0.9% (UI = 0.3–19%) | ||||||||
↓5% in sugar content for both high and mid-sugar drinks | Mandatory | 0.98 sugar g/day (5%, UI = 0.92–1.05) - i.e. about 3.92 Kcal/day | – | T2D incidence: 5.8 per 100,000 persons (UI = 2–10) | ||||
Obesity prevalence: 0.2% (UI = 0.09–4%) | ||||||||
Yeung et al. (2017) [28] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | Selected foods with at least 5 g of added sugars/100 g | ↓10% in added sugar | Mandatory | 10.75 Kcal/day (SE = 36, 0.52%) in 2-16y | – | – |
4.62 added sugar g/day (SE = 2.9, 7.69%) in 2-16y | ||||||||
↓15% in added sugar | Mandatory | 16.25 Kcal/day (SE = 55, 0.79%) in 2-16y | – | – | ||||
6.97 added sugar g/day (SE = 4.47, 11.59%) in 2-16y | ||||||||
↓25% in added sugar | Mandatory | 27.24 Kcal/day (SE = 92, 1.34%) in 2-16y | – | – | ||||
11.73 added sugar g/day (SE = 7.5, 19.5%) in 2-16y | ||||||||
Food and Drink Industry Ireland (2016) [26] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | 10 Food macrocategories | Reformulation based on actual FDII voluntary programme | Mandatory extension of existing programme | 1.02 sugar g/day (1.12%) in adults | – | – |
Voluntary | 0.27 sugar g/day (0.30%) in adults | – | – | |||||
Leroy et al. (2016) [32] | Epidemiological | 1y | F&V, bread, meat, fish, sandwiches, sauces | Strong reformulation based on the Choices Programme criteria | Mandatory | 14.4% daily sugar intake | – | Fatal CVD/Strokes deaths averted: 421 |
Cancer deaths averted: 324 | ||||||||
Mild reformulation based on the Choices Programme criteria | Mandatory | 4.6% daily sugar intake | – | CVD/Strokes and Cancer deaths averted: 2408 (3.7%) - due to total reductions in Na, SFA and sugar consumption combined | ||||
Ma et al. (2016) [40] | Mathematical/statistical | 5y | Sugar sweetened beverages (with juices) | ↓40% in added sugar content (9.7% per year over 5 years) | Mandatory | 38.4 Kcal/day (UI = 36.3–40.7) | 1.2 kg (UI = 1.12–1.28) | BMI reduction: 0.42 kg/m2 (1.5%) |
Overweight prevalence: 1% | ||||||||
Obesity prevalence: 2.1% | ||||||||
T2D incidence: 274000–309,000 cases averted | ||||||||
Sugar sweetened beverages (without juices) | 31.0 Kcal/day (UI = 28.6–33.7) | 0.96 kg (UI = 0.88–1.04) | BMI reduction: 0.34 kg/m2(1.2%) | |||||
Overweight prevalence: 0.7% | ||||||||
Obesity prevalence: 1.7% | ||||||||
T2D incidence 221,000–250,000 cases averted | ||||||||
Masset et al. (2016) [25] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | Pizza | Reformulation to meet Nestlè Nutrient Profiling targets | Mandatory | 0.1 sugar g/day (0.1%) | – | – |
Combris et al. (2011) [8] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | Breakfast cereals | Mild to strong reformulation based on food nutrient distribution | Mandatory | 0.125–0.278 sugar g/day (1.80–4%) | – | – |
Biscuits/ pastries | 0.006–0.068 sugar g/day (0.30–3.5%) | – | – | |||||
Bread-based products | 0.058–0.288 sugar g/day (2.80–13.9%) | – | – | |||||
Hendriksen et al. (2011) [41] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | Carbonated soft drinks | 100% substitution of sugar with intense sweeteners | Mandatory | 80.5 Kcal/day | 3.55 kg | Obesity prevalence: 4% |
BMI reduction: 1.5 kg/m2 | ||||||||
Roodenburg et al. (2009) [27] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | All processed foods | Reformulation set to meet Choices Programme criteria | Mandatory | 37% daily sugar intake (29% adjusting for energy compensation) | – | – |
Husøy et al. (2008) [24] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | Carbonated soft drinks | 100% substitution of sugar with intense sweeteners | Mandatory | 36.5% energy intake | – | – |