Table 1 Baseline characteristics of children aged 3–6 years according to preschool consumption of fruit juice
Categories of 100% fruit juice intake per day | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 0.5 cup | 0.5- < 1 cup | ≥1 cup | |||||
Characteristics | n = 35 | n = 35 | n = 30 | ||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-trend | |
Age (years) | 5.2 | 0.49 | 5.3 | 0.59 | 4.7 | 0.84 | 0.0038 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.3 | 1.4 | 16.0 | 0.92 | 16.5 | 1.1 | 0.1350 |
Activity (Caltrac counts/hour) | 11.3 | 1.8 | 10.7 | 2.0 | 10.6 | 1.9 | 0.3077 |
Energy (kilocalories) | 1519 | 210 | 1639 | 313 | 1623 | 240 | 0.1196 |
% energy from protein | 13.6 | 1.8 | 13.7 | 1.8 | 13.2 | 2.0 | 0.5113 |
% energy from fat | 35.9 | 3.2 | 34.4 | 3.9 | 31.5 | 3.8 | <.0001 |
% energy from carbohydrate | 52.0 | 4.1 | 53.6 | 4.8 | 57.0 | 5.3 | 0.0002 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 740 | 212 | 825 | 210 | 748 | 236 | 0.2123 |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 180 | 40 | 204 | 43 | 206 | 42 | 0.0232 |
Potassium (mg/day) | 1676 | 369 | 1983 | 412 | 2150 | 399 | <.0001 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 67.7 | 26.5 | 89.1 | 32.0 | 125.9 | 49.0 | <.0001 |
Folic acid (mcg/day) | 177.8 | 47.0 | 194.8 | 49.6 | 237.6 | 64.4 | <.0001 |
Milk (cup-equivalents/day) | 1.50 | 0.61 | 1.53 | 0.62 | 1.42 | 0.67 | 0.7629 |
Added sugar (tsp-equivalents/day) | 15.8 | 4.2 | 16.3 | 6.1 | 14.5 | 4.4 | 0.3620 |
Sugar sweetened beverages, cups/day | 0.76 | 0.48 | 0.76 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.47 | 0.3695 |
Whole fruit (cup-equivalents/day) | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.65 | 0.44 | 0.62 | 0.34 | 0.3688 |
Total Fruit juice (cup-equivalents/day) | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.84 | 0.17 | 1.63 | 0.62 | <.0001 |
100% fruit juice (cup-equivalent/day) | 0.30 | 0.16 | 0.73 | 0.14 | 1.51 | 0.59 | <.0001 |
Healthy Eating Index 2015 Score | 48.0 | 2.0 | 52.4 | 6.1 | 55.0 | 6.7 | 0.0002 |
Number (column percent) | |||||||
Gender (% male) | 24 | (69%) | 23 | (66%) | 14 | (47%) | 0.0781 |
Mother’s education (% college) | 7 | (20%) | 14 | (40%) | 15 | (50%) | 0.0116 |