Table 1 Main peer- reviewed papers used as source for FODMAP values
References | Analyzed food item/ product/ raw material | Analyzed value added in database | Food sampling/biological variation | Analytical method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
[16] National Swedish Food Agency 2007–2013 | One hundred and nineteen vegetables, cereal products and other food items | Fructose and lactose | Purchased in grocery chains, small food stores, and vegetable retailers and from casual trading area. • If possible a minimum of ten samples of each food item | • Gas- chromatographic method [17]. • Result presented in fresh weight g/100 g food item |
[9] Muir et al.2007 | Sixty vegetables and 43 fruits | Free fructose and fructan | Approximately 500 g (edible weight) of each food item from respectively five grocery stores and five green grocers, Australia, Melbourne | • Analyses made of pooled samples • Enzymatic analysis and spectrophotometry [18] • Triplicate analysis • Result presented in g/ 100 g “as eaten” in fresh weight |
[10] Muir et al.2009 | Forty-five vegetables and 41 fruits | Fructose, fructan | Approximately 500 g (edible weight) of each food item from each of five grocery stores and five green grocers, Australia, Melbourne | • Analyses made of pooled samples •HPLC with ELSD •Triplicate analysis •Result presented in g/ 100 g “as eaten” in fresh weight |
[8] Biesiekierski et al. 2011 | Fifty- five grains and cereals | Fructose, FOS (nystose, kestose). Total fructan, lactose, GOS (raffinose, stachyose) sugar polyols (sorbitol, mannitol) | Approximately 500 g (edible weight) of each food item from Supermarkets, market- places and health stores in Melbourne, Australia, One to 9 products/ brands of each food item, 500 g of each product edible weight | • Analyses made of pooled samples • HPLC • Total fructan via enzymatic analyses [19] • Result presented in g/ 100 g “as eaten” in fresh weight. |
[20] Whelan et al.2011 | Nine categories of bread | Fructan | Five brands of each bread category and 500 g of each category of bread from Supermarkets was pooled together to 2500 g | • Analyses made of pooled samples • Fructan via enzymatic and spectrophotometry method [18] Triplicate bread samples were extracted and analyzed in duplicates. • Result presented as content g/100 g fresh weight (‘as consumed’) |
[13] Andersson et al.2009 | Rye kernels and five kind of whole grain rye soft- and crispbread baked on one type of rye kernels | Fructan | Rye kernels 18 samples from an experimental field, Sweden | • Fructan via enzymatic and spectrophotometry method [18] • Result presented in dry weight • Duplicate analysis |
[14] Haskå et al. 2008 | Two cultivars of wheat grain and five milling fractions of the wheat | Fructan | Two cultivars, one sample conventionally and organically grown. One cultivar conventionally grown in Sweden | • Enzymatic [18] • Duplicate analysis • Result presented in dry weight |
[21] Yao et al. 2014 | Seventy-three food items | Sorbitol and mannitol | Five grocery stores, five green grocers, Australia Melbourne | • HPLC with ELSD • Triplicate analyses • Result presented in fresh weight |