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Table 4 Weighted analysis of nutrient intakes by compliers, intermediates, and non-compliers based on the percentage of energy consumed from Tier 4 and “other foods” and beverages among Canadian children adjusted for age, sex and misreporting status (under-reporter, plausible reporter, and over-reporters)

From: Nutritional quality of the food choices of Canadian children

Nutrients

Compliers (Q1)

Intermediates (Q2)

Intermediates (Q3)

Non-compliers (Q4)

p-Trend

<  10.9% Energy

10.9 -20.8% Energy

20.9 -32.9% Energy

> 32.9% Energy

Mean (SEM)

Mean (SEM)

Mean (SEM)

Mean (SEM)

Energy (kcal/day)

1762 (32.3)

1978 (41.6)

1914 (32.6)

2040 (40.2)

< 0.0001

Fat (% Energy)

28.6 (0.4)

30.9 (0.4)

31.4 (0.4)

32.7 (0.4)

< 0.0001

Saturated fat (% Energy)

9.7 (0.2)

11.1 (0.2)

11.4 (0.2)

11.6 (0.2)

< 0.0001

Monounsaturated fat (% Energy)

10.5 (0.2)

10.9 (0.2)

11.1 (0.2)

11.7 (0.2)

< 0.0001

Polyunsaturated fat (% Energy)

5.7 (0.1)

6.0 (0.1)

6.0 (0.1)

6.6 (0.2)

< 0.0001

Carbohydrates (% Energy)

54.1 (0.5)

53.1 (0.5)

53.9 (0.4)

54.0 (0.4)

0.4137

Protein (% Energy)

17.3 (0.2)

16.0 (0.2)

14.7 (0.2)

13.0 (0.2)

< 0.0001

Alcohol (% Energy)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0.3 (0.1)

0.0676

Dietary fibre (g/1000 kcal)

10.2 (0.2)

9.0 (0.2)

8.4 (0.2)

7.1 (0.2)

< 0.0001

Vitamin A (RE/1000 kcal)

398.1 (26.0)

352.1 (11.1)

326.3 (10.3)

285.9 (9.0)

< 0.0001

Vitamin D (RE/1000 kcal)

3.6 (0.2)

3.1 (0.1)

2.8 (0.1)

2.6 (0.1)

< 0.0001

Thiamin (mg/1000 kcal)

1.0 (0.0)

0.9 (0.0)

0.9 (0.0)

0.7 (0.0)

< 0.0001

Niacin (mg/1000 kcal)

20.8 (0.3)

18.7 (0.3)

17.9 (0.2)

15.8 (0.3)

< 0.0001

Riboflavin (mg/1000 kcal)

1.1 (0.0)

1.0 (0.0)

1.0 (0.0)

0.9 (0.0)

< 0.0001

Vitamin B6 (ug/1000 kcal)

0.9 (0.0)

0.8 (0.0)

0.7 (0.0)

0.7 (0.0)

< 0.0001

Folate (ug/1000 kcal)

112.2 (2.9)

103.2 (2.3)

90.7 (1.8)

74.3 (1.7)

< 0.0001

Vitamin B12 (ug/1000 kcal)

2.6 (0.3)

2.2 (0.1)

1.9 (0.1)

1.7 (0.1)

< 0.0001

Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal)

68.7 (3.0)

67.4 (2.5)

67.2 (2.6)

56.2 (2.2)

0.0064

Calcium (mg/1000 kcal)

560.6 (10.9)

552.4 (9.0)

495.2 (9.4)

430.7 (10.5)

< 0.0001

Phosphorus (mg/1000 kcal)

772.9 (10.1)

714.1 (7.2)

659.4 (7.1)

598.6 (8.9)

< 0.0001

Potassium (mg/ 1000 kcal)

1528.4 (20.4)

1387.6 (15.7)

1270.6 (16.3)

1094.1 (14.3)

< 0.0001

Sodium (mg/ 1000 kcal)

1431.8 (23.5)

1423.0 (18.1)

1459.1 (20.8)

1375.5 (20.9)

0.0509

Magnesium (mg/ 1000 kcal)

165.2 (2.3)

149.8 (1.5)

138.6 (1.7)

120.3 (1.7)

< 0.0001

Iron (mg/ 1000 kcal)

7.2 (0.1)

6.8 (0.1)

6.8 (0.1)

6.1 (0.1)

< 0.0001

Zinc (mg/ 1000 kcal)

5.7 (0.1)

5.3 (0.1)

4.8 (0.1)

4.2 (0.1)

< 0.0001

  1. Results are presented as mean (SEM: standard error of the mean). Quartiles are based on the percentage of energy reported for all Tier 4 foods and “other” foods and beverages classified according to lower and upper thresholds for nutrients of public health concern: sodium, saturated fats, total fats and sugars. Lower thresholds: total fat: ≤ 3 g/RA, sugars: ≤ 6 g/RA and sodium: ≤ 140 mg/RA [8]. Upper thresholds: total fat: > 10 g/RA, sugars: > 19 g/RA, sodium: > 360 mg/RA, and saturated fats: > 2 g/RA [8]. Tier 1 foods do not exceed lower thresholds for total fat, sugar and sodium. Tier 2 may exceed one or two lower thresholds but no upper thresholds. Tier 3 Vegetable and Fruit, and Grain Products: exceeds all lower threshold and no upper thresholds, or only one upper threshold. Tier 3 Milk and Alternatives, and Meat and Alternatives: exceeds all lower threshold and no upper thresholds, or only one upper threshold for total fat, sugars, or sodium. Tier 4 Vegetable and Fruit, and Grain Products: exceeds two upper thresholds. Tier 4 Milk and Alternatives, and Meat and Alternatives: exceeds upper thresholds for total fat, sugars, or sodium [8]. Tier 4 and “other foods” have no Canada’s food guide serving size recommendation. Compliers (Q1) are identified as the lowest 25% of the population with reported intakes from Tier 4 and “other” foods and beverages. Individuals categorized as “Intermediates” (Q2 and Q3) are those with intakes in the interquartile range. Non-compliers (Q4) represent 25% of the population with the highest intakes from Tier 4 and “other” foods
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BMC Nutrition

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