Table 4 Comparison of Mean ± SD of FBS, insulin, and HOMA-IR within and between the groups

FBS (mg/dl)

 Before

144.44 ± 3.12

145.10 ± 3.84

146.88 ± 7.42

146.90 ± 7.24

 After

126.44 ± 3.50

133.10 ± 3.95

139.33 ± 6.34

149.09 ± 7.53

 P†

P = 0.001*

P = 0.001*

P = 0.001*

P = 0.002*

 Δ

−18 ± 0.38 ^μ€β

−12 ± 0.11 ^€β

−7.55 ± 1.08 ^β

2.19 ± 0.29

 Before

7.30 ± 0.70

7.31 ± 0.86

7.06 ± 0.75

7.30 ± 0.78

 After

6.65 ± 1.09

7 ± 0.87

6.95 ± 0.76

7.38 ± 0.90

 P†

P = 0.001*

P = 0.021*

P = 0.042*

P = 0.049*

 Δ

−0.65 ± 0.39 ^μ€β

−0.31 ± 0.01 ^€β

−0.11 ± 0.01 ^β

0.08 ± 0.12

HOMA-IR

 Before

2.60 ± 0.27

2.62 ± 0.30

2.56 ± 0.29

2.65 ± 0.37

 After

2.08 ± 0.33

2.30 ± 0.25

2.39 ± 0.26

2.72 ± 0.40

 P†

P = 0.001*

P = 0.024*

P = 0.043*

P = 0.049*

 Δ

−0.52 ± 0.06 ^μ€β

−0.32 ± 0.05 ^€β

−0.17 ± 0.03 ^β

0.07 ± 0.03

 Before

37.88 ± 0.74

38.23 ± 0.68

36.22 ± 1.20

36.48 ± 1.20

 After

26.33 ± 0.70

32.33 ± 0.16

33.85 ± 0.78

38.01 ± 1.09

 P†

P = 0.001*

P = 0.024*

P = 0.038*

P = 0.045*

 Δ

−11.55 ± 0.04 ^μ€β

−5.90 ± 0.52^€β

−2.37 ± 0.42^β

1.53 ± 0.11

 Before

39.07 ± 4.01

38.80 ± 3.21

36.77 ± 3.27

36.20 ± 3.02

 After

29.11 ± 2.42

33.85 ± 2.17

32.55 ± 3.21

39.76 ± 3.20

 P†

P = 0.001*

P = 0.012*

P = 0.025*

P = 0.039*

 Δ

−9.96 ± 1.59^μ€β

−4.95 ± 1.04 ^€β

−4.22 ± 0.06^β

3.56 ± 0.18

 Before

38.22 ± 2.53

39.22 ± 2.68

38.33 ± 3.39

39.18 ± 2.63

 After

29.44 ± 1.66

34.01 ± 2.36

34.22 ± 2.58

41.45 ± 3.35

 P†

P = 0.001*

P = 0.010*

P = 0.027*

P = 0.041*

 Δ

−8.78 ± 0.87^μ€β

−5.21 ± 0.3^€β

−4.11 ± 0.81 ^β

2.27 ± 0.72