Table 3 Multi-level mixed-effect logistic regression analysis of factors associated with undernutrition among AGYW, EDHS 2016 (n = 5362)

Age in years

15–19

897(29)

2191(71)

1.6(1.4–1.8)

1.53(1.32–1.77)*

20–24

481(21.15)

1793(78.85)

1

1

Media exposure

Yes

646(23.32)

2122(76.68)

0.8(0.68–0.94)

0.82(0.69–0.97)*

No

732(28)

1862(72)

1

1

Mothers education

Formal education

1101(25)

3270(75)

0.98(0.81–1.19)

1.03(0.84–1.25)

No formal Education

277(27)

714(72)

1

1

Family size

 < 5

730(24.4)

2263(75.6)

1

1

 >  = 5

647(27.32)

1722(72.68)

1.08(0.94–1.25)

1.07(0.93–1.23)

Source of drinking water

Protected

268(21.96)

950(78.04)

1

1

Unprotected

1110(26.8)

3034(73.2)

1.26(1.05–1.51)

1.24(1.04–1.48)*

Wealth index

Poor

484(28)

1188(71)

1

1

Middle

301(30.4)

690(69.6)

1.08(0.89–1.32)

1.14(0.93–1.39)

Rich

592(22)

2106(78)

0.78(0.65–0.94)

0.85(0.69–1.05)

Region

Dire Dawa

8(26)

23(74)

1

1

Tigray

174(39.8)

263(60.2)

1.46(0.60–3.51)

1.69(0.67–4.27)

Afar

21(44.7)

26(55.3)

1.95(0.68–5.61)

1.86(0.64 s-5.47)

Amhara

363(28.5)

911(71.5)

0.78 (0.33–1.88)

0.86(0.35–2.34)

Oromia

509(27)

1384(73)

0.70(0.29–1.68)

0.75(0.31–1.87)

Somali

59(11.7)

82(88.3)

1.54(0.60–3.94)

1.41(0.54–3.65)

Benshangul Gumuz

11(20)

44(80)

0.50(0.17–1.50)

0.54(0.18–1.68)

SNNPR

148(13.7)

934(86.3)

0.29(0.12–0.72)

0.33(0.13–0.83)*

Gambella

6(33.9)

11(66.1)

1.28(0.33–5.04)

1.51(0.38–6.0)

Harari

3(27.7)

9(72.3)

1.03(0.22–4.80)

1.09(0.23–5.17)

Addis Ababa

76(20.4)

297(79.6)

0.84(0.34–2.06)

0.97(0.39–2.44)

Community level poverty

Low

600(23.8)

1919(76.2)

1

1

High

778(27.4)

2065(72.6)

0.91(0.72–1.14)

0.79(0.62–1.02)

Community level media exposure

Low

875(27.5)

2302(72.5)

1

1

High

503(23.0)

1682(77.0)

0.78(0.61–1.00)

0.86(0.66–1.11)

Community literacy

Low

745(25)

2234(75)

1

1

High

632(26.5)

1751(73.5)

1.24(1.00–1.54)

1.18(0.62–1.48)

Residence

Urban

255(19.4)

1060(80.6)

1

1

Rural

1123(27.7)

2924(72.3)

1.89(1.40–2.56)

1.69(1.24–2.32)*