Table 2 Respondents characteristics, dietary patterns, and child stunting, Zimbabwe
Variables | Modern (N = 181) | Low animal source (N = 158) | Traditional (N = 111) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.012 | |||||
Province | Manicaland | 88 (48.6%) | 84 (53.2%) | 53 (47.7%) | |
Matabeleland south | 93 (51.4%) | 74 (46.8%) | 58 (52.3%) | ||
Child factors | 0.036 | ||||
Child’s Sex | Female | 95 (52.5%) | 65 (41.1%) | 45 (40.5%) | |
Male | 86 (47.5%) | 73 (46.2%) | 66 (59.5%) | < 0.001 | |
Child’s Age (months) | Mean ± SD | 16.1 ± 11.2 | 15.8 ± 11.5 | 23.3 ± 15.3 | 0.015 |
Age weaning | < 24 months | 79 (43.6%) | 75 (47.5%) | 66 (59.5%) | |
≥ 24 months | 102 (56.4%) | 83 (52.5%) | 45 (40.5%) | 0.024 | |
Height-for-age | Normal | 133 (73.5%) | 99 (62.7%) | 68 (61.3%) | |
Stunted | 48 (26.5%) | 59 (37.3%) | 43 (38.7%) | 0.345 | |
Weight-for age | Underweight | 55 (30.4%) | 35 (22.2%) | 33 (29.7%) | 0.089 |
Overweight | 30 (16.6%) | 35 (22.2%) | 24 (21.6%) | < 0.001 | |
MUAC | Normal | 171 (94.5%) | 135 (85.4%) | 104 (93.7%) | |
Wasted | 10 (5.5%) | 24 (15.2%) | 7 (6.3%) | 0.645 | |
Child HIV status | Negative | 172 (95.0%) | 149 (94.3%) | 106 (95.5%) | |
Positive | 9 (5.0%) | 9 (5.7%) | 5 (4.5%) | ||
Parental factors | < 0.001 | ||||
Maternal age (years) | Mean ± SD | 23.0 ± 3.83 | 30.8 ± 8.95 | 27.7 ± 6.20 | < 0.001 |
Paternal age (years) | Mean ± SD | 29.1 ± 3.28 | 35.2 ± 11.4 | 32.4 ± 6.39 | 0.033 |
Parental survival | Both alive | 149 (82.3%) | 133 (84.2%) | 94 (84.7%) | |
Both dead | 17 (9.4%) | 16 (10.1%) | 13 (11.7%) | ||
Father alive | 5 (2.8%) | 1 (5.6%) | 1 (0.9%) | ||
Mother alive | 10 (5.5%) | 8 (5.7%) | 3 (2.7%) | 0.287 | |
Maternal education | No School | 4 (2.2%) | 7 (5.0%) | 5 (4.5%) | |
School | 177 (97.8%) | 151 (95.6%) | 106 (95.5%) | 0.887 | |
Paternal education | No education | 6 (3.3%) | 7 (5.0%) | 5 (4.5%) | |
Maternal occupation | School | 175 (96.7%) | 151 (95.6%) | 106 (95.5%) | 0.369 |
Formal | 25 (13.8%) | 23 (14.6%) | 10 (9.0%) | ||
Informal | 47 (26.0%) | 46 (29.1%) | 37 (33.3%) | ||
Unemployed | 109 (60.2%) | 90 (57.0%) | 64 (57.7%) | 0.487 | |
Paternal occupation | Formal | 60 (33.1%) | 61 (38.6%) | 43 (38.7%) | |
Informal | 51 (28.2%) | 40 (25.3%) | 29 (26.1%) | ||
Unemployed | 70 (38.7%) | 57 (36.1%) | 39 (35.1%) | 0.007 | |
Maternal HIV status | Negative | 135 (74.6%) | 116 (73.4%) | 98 (88.3%) | |
Positive | 46 (25.4%) | 42 (26.6%) | 13 (11.7%) | ||
Household factors | < 0.001 | ||||
Number in household | < 4 people | 57 (31.5%) | 51 (32.3%) | 33 (29.7%) | |
≥ 4 people | 124 (68.5%) | 107 (67.7%) | 78 (70.3%) | < 0.001 | |
Number of siblings | Multiple | 137 (75.7%) | 103 (65.2%) | 84 (75.7%) | |
Only child | 44 (24.3%) | 55 (34.8%) | 27 (24.3%) | 0.658 | |
Child spacing | < 24 months apart | 84 (46.4%) | 80 (50.6% | 63 (56.8%) | |
≥ 24 months apart | 97 (53.6%) | 78 (49.4% | 48 (43.2%) | < 0.001 | |
Religion | Christianity | 146 (80.7%) | 132 (83.5%) | 95 (85.6%) | |
Other | 35 (19.3%) | 26 (16.5%) | 16 (14.4%) | 0.468 | |
Ever breastfed | Yes | 172 (95.0%) | 149 (94.3%) | 107 (96.4%) | |
No | 9 (5.0%) | 9 (6.4%) | 4 (3.6%) | < 0.001 | |
Water source | Protected | 144 (79.6%) | 134 (84.8%) | 28 (25.2%) | |
Not protected | 37 (20.4%) | 24 (17.1%) | 83 (74.8%) | 0.323 | |
Wealth index | High | 15 (8.3%) | 24 (15.2%) | 16 (14.4%) | |
Middle | 86 (47.5%) | 70 (44.3% | 48 (43.2%) | ||