Table 4 Maternal and child feeding, dietary patterns, and childhood stunting
Variable | Explanatory | Normal Height (N = 300) | Stunted growth (N = 150) | Adjusted OR (95% CI, p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Child dietary factors | ||||
Dietary pattern | Modern | 133 (44.3%) | 48 (32.0%) | Reference |
Low animal source | 99 (28.0%) | 59 (37.3%) | 2.22 (1.87–3.31, p = 0.002) | |
Traditional | 68 (22.7%) | 43 (28.7%) | 0.69 (0.01–6.48, p = 0.298) | |
Feed on delivery | Milk replacement | 8 (2.7%) | 9 (6.0%) | 2.98 (1.02–9.21, p = 0.047) |
Breast milk | 292 (97.3%) | 141 (94.0%) | Reference | |
History of breastfeeding | Ever | 293 (97.7%) | 137 (91.3%) | Reference |
Never | 7 (2.3%) | 13 (8.7%) | 3.16 (2.14–9.59, p = 0.009) | |
Meals per day | < 3 meals | 195 (65.0%) | 89 (59.3%) | 0.72 (0.39–1.30, p = 0.274) |
≥ 3 meals | 105 (35.0%) | 61 (40.7%) | Reference | |
Breastfeeding cessation | < 24 months | 151 (50.3%) | 88 (58.7% | 1.91 (1.84–5.98, p = 0.014) |
≥ 24 months | 149 (49.7%) | 62 (41.3%) | Reference | |
Age introduced complementary feed | < 6 months | 160 (53.3%) | 83 (55.3%) | 3.06 (1.28–7.51, p = 0.013) |
≥ 6 months | 140 (46.7%) | 67 (44.7%) | Reference | |
Maternal food consumption | ||||
Pregnancy | ||||
Number of meals | Increased | 162 (61.7%) | 63 (59.3%) | Reference |
No change | 71 (27.0%) | 34 (31.3%) | 1.84 (1.24–4.10, p = 0.010) | |
Reduced | 29 (11.3%) | 10 (9.3%) | 2.29 (1.48–3.48, p = 0.026) | |
Food variety | Improved | 109 (41.7%) | 45 (42.0%) | Reference |
No change | 153 (58.3%) | 62 (58.0%) | 0.67 (0.30–1.47, p = 0.321) | |
Lactation | ||||
Number of meals | Increased | 78 (29.7%) | 26 (24.0%) | Reference |
No change | 179 (68.3%) | 74 (69.3%) | 0.55 (0.21–1.43, p = 0.213) | |
Reduced | 5 (2%) | 7 (6.7%) | 1.76 (1.02–3.12, p = 0.047) | |
Food variety | Improved | 24 (9.3%) | 13 (12.0%) | Reference |
No Change | 238 (90.7%) | 94 (88.0%) | 0.98 (0.65–1.48, p = 0.922) | |