Table 2 Baseline characteristics of study population by BMI categories
Variables | BMI categories, kg/m2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 < 25 (normal) | 25 to < 30 (overweight) |  ≥ 30 (Obese) | P_ value* | |
Number of participants (total = 9520) | 2634(27.7%) | 3782(39.7%) | 3104(32.6%) |  |
Vitamin D status, N (%) | ||||
 Sufficiency (25 OHD ≥ 20 ng/mL) | 1392(52.8%) | 1900(50.2%) | 1509(48.6%) | 0.006 |
Serum 25(OH)D (nmol /L), mean ± SD | 22.41 ± 12.3 | 21.76 ± 12.3 | 21.18 ± 12.3 | 0.001 |
BMI (kg /m)2, mean ± SD | 22.39 ± 2.0 | 27.47 ± 1.4 | 33.8 ± 3.6 |  < 0.001 |
Age (year), mean ± SD | 52.14 ± 9.2 | 51.35 ± 8.8 | 51 ± 8.6 |  < 0.001 |
Residency, N (%) | ||||
 Urban | 1289(48.9%) | 1672(44.2%) | 1393(44.9%) |  < 0.001 |
Gender, N (%) | ||||
 Male | 1837(69.7%) | 1881(49.7%) | 706(22.7%) |  < 0.001 |
Education, N (%) | ||||
 High school or less | 1075(49.5%) | 1531(48.1%) | 1203(46.6%) | 0.131 |
Physical activity (METhrs /day), mean ± SD | 43.1 ± 9.5 | 41 ± 8.8 | 39.1 ± 7.3 |  < 0.001 |
Use of Alcohol, N (%) | 579(22.0%) | 582(15.4%) | 241(7.8%) |  < 0.001 |
Smoking state, N (%) | ||||
 Current smoker | 1073(40.7%) | 909(24%) | 364(11.7%) |  < 0.001 |
Receiving Vitamin D supplementation a, N (%) | 216(8.2%) | 274(7.2%) | 230(7.4%) | 0.336 |