Table 1 Baseline characteristics and dietary intakes of participants in both NAFLD and non-NAFLD groups^a,b

Age (year)

41.8 ± 7.5

41.4 ± 7.4

42.0 ± 7.6

0.508

Sex (male, %)

53.1

70.8

44.2

 < 0.001

BMI (Kg/m²)

27.4 ± 2.2

28.5 ± 2.1

26.9 ± 2.1

 < 0.001

Physical activity (MET.min/Wk.)

1482 ± 879

1263 ± 615

1592 ± 967

 < 0.001

Smoking (yes, %)

5.6

10.8

2.9

0.002

Education level (bachelor and higher), n (%)

160 (44.4)

44 (36.7)

116 (48.3)

0.036

Socio-economic status (SES), n (%)

 Poor

138 (38.3)

35 (29.2)

103 (42.9)

0.008

 Medium

134 (37.2)

48 (40.0)

86 (35.8)

 High

88 (24.4)

37 (30.8)

51 (21.3)

Energy intake (kcal/day)

2257 ± 650

2406 ± 638

2182 ± 645

0.002

Carbohydrates (% of energy)

57.6 ± 7.0

57.8 ± 7.1

57.51 ± 7.0

0.721

Protein (% of energy)

13.8 ± 2.4

13.8 ± 2.6

13.8 ± 2.3

0.942

Fat (% of energy)

31.2 ± 6.8

30.9 ± 6.8

31.4 ± 6.8

0.490

Empirical Dietary Index for Hyperinsulinemia (EDIH)

0.15 (0.06—0.28)

0.18 (0.07—0.33)

0.15 (0.06—0.26)

0.047

Empirical Dietary Index for Insulin Resistance (EDIR)

0.9 ± 0.4

1.0 ± 0.5

0.9 ± 0.3

0.044

Empirical Lifestyle Index for Hyperinsulinemia (ELIH)

0.16 (-0.49—0.58)

0.32 (-0.06—0.73)

0.07 (-0.69—0.46)

 < 0.001

Empirical Lifestyle Index for Insulin Resistance (ELIR)

4.4 ± 2.6

5.4 ± 3.1

3.9 ± 2.1

 < 0.001