Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants (n = 318)
Socio-demographic characteristics | Frequency (n) | Percent (%) |
|---|---|---|
Ethnicity | ||
 Advantaged ethnic group | 210 | 66.1 |
 Disadvantaged ethnic group | 108 | 33.9 |
Father's employment | ||
 Paid | 68 | 21.4 |
 Unpaid | 250 | 78.6 |
Religion | ||
 Hindu | 312 | 98.1 |
 Non- Hindu | 6 | 1.9 |
Family type | ||
 Nuclear | 106 | 33.3 |
 Extended | 212 | 66.7 |
Family’s monthly income | ||
 Rs < 15 k (~ 150 USD) | 228 | 71.7 |
 Rs 15-50 k (~ 150- 500 USD) | 90 | 28.3 |
Distance to the nearest health facility (walking distance) | ||
 < 1 h | 192 | 60.4 |
 > 1 h | 126 | 39.6 |
Place for treatment of child's illnesses | ||
 Hospital | 125 | 39.3 |
 Health post | 135 | 42.5 |
 Traditional healers (Dhami, Jhakri) | 58 | 18.2 |
Sufficiency of food | ||
 6 months | 231 | 72.6 |
 12 months | 63 | 19.8 |
 More than 12 months | 24 | 7.5 |
Maternal factors | ||
 Mothers’ age | ||
  Under 25 years | 188 | 59.1 |
  25 to 30 years | 83 | 26.1 |
  30 years and older | 47 | 14.8 |
 Mothers’ education | ||
  No education | 143 | 44.9 |
  Primary | 82 | 25.7 |
  Secondary/higher | 93 | 29.4 |
 Mother's employment | ||
  Paid | 54 | 16.9 |
  Unpaid | 264 | 83.1 |
 Source of Income | ||
  Self-employed | 30 | 9.5 |
  Government job | 44 | 13.8 |
  Agriculture | 244 | 76.7 |
 Age at marriage | ||
  < 20 years | 180 | 56.6 |
  > 20 years | 138 | 43.4 |
 Age at first pregnancy | ||
  < 20 years | 138 | 43.4 |
  > 20 years | 180 | 56.6 |
 Place of delivery | ||
  Home Delivery | 30 | 9.4 |
  Health facility | 288 | 90.6 |
 ANC visit during last pregnancy | ||
  > 4 ANC visit | 289 | 90.9 |
  < 4 ANC visit | 29 | 9.1 |
 Behavior related factors | ||
  Current tobacco smoking behavior | ||
   Yes | 38 | 11.9 |
   No | 280 | 88.1 |