Table 2 Comparison of age, gender and energy adjusted dietary food groups and nutrients intake according to tertiles of dietary insulin index and dietary insulin load

Total energy (Kcal/day)

3126.8 ± 25.8^a

2660.5 ± 25.8^b

2532.5 ± 25.8^c

 < 0.001

1699.0 ± 13.9^a

2509.1 ± 13.8^b

4111.8 ± 13.8^c

 < 0.001

Nutrients¹

 Total fat (g/day)

122.0 ± 0.7^a

104.0 ± 0.7^b

92.1 ± 0.7^c

 < 0.001

125.1 ± 1.0^a

110.0 ± 0.7^b

83.0 ± 1.1^c

 < 0.001

 Saturated fat (g/day)

33.7 ± 0.2^a

29.0 ± 0.2^b

26.3 ± 0.2^c

 < 0.001

32.3 ± 0.3^a

30.6 ± 0.2^b

26.1 ± 0.3^c

 < 0.001

 Mono-unsaturated fat (g/day)

37.8 ± 0.3^a

31.7 ± 0.2^b

27.9 ± 0.2^c

 < 0.001

38.7 ± 0.4^a

34.1 ± 0.3^b

24.8 ± 0.4^c

 < 0.001

 Poly-unsaturated fat (g/day)

32.8 ± 0.3^a

26.2 ± 0.3^b

23.0 ± 0.3^c

 < 0.001

33.5 ± 0.5^a

29.2 ± 0.3^b

19.3 ± 0.6^c

 < 0.001

 Total protein (g/day)

118.9 ± 0.8^a

109.2 ± 0.7^b

101.6 ± 0.7^c

 < 0.001

108.7 ± 1.1^a

111.9 ± 0.8^b

109.0 ± 1.2^ab

0.007

 Total carbohydrate (g/day)

340.3 ± 1.6^a

397.6 ± 1.6^b

429.3 ± 1.6^c

 < 0.001

360.1 ± 2.5^a

375.0 ± 1.8^b

432.0 ± 2.8^c

 < 0.001

 Simple sugar (g/day)

299.7 ± 10.1^a

272.3 ± 9.9^ab

245.7 ± 10.0^b

0.001

286.1 ± 14.1

268.0 ± 10.2

263.6 ± 16.0

0.521

 Vitamin C (µm /d)

200.8 ± 3.4

207.9 ± 3.4

201.4 ± 3.4

0.264

176.9 ± 4.8^a

20.93 ± 3.5^b

225.9 ± 5.4^c

 < 0.001

 Vitamin E (mg /d)

13.8 ± 0.2^a

10.7 ± 0.2^b

8.9 ± 0.2^c

 < 0.001

12.3 ± 0.3^a

11.8 ± 0.2^a

9.2 ± 0.3^b

 < 0.001

 Thiamine (mg/d)

2.05 ± 0.01^a

2.20 ± 0.01^b

2.28 ± 0.01^c

 < 0.001

1.95 ± 0.02^a

2.19 ± 0.01^b

2.38 ± 0.02^c

 < 0.001

 Riboflavin (µm/d)

2.38 ± 0.01^a

2.31 ± 0.01^b

2.16 ± 0.01^c

 < 0.001

2.25 ± 0.02

2.31 ± 0.01

2.29 ± 0.02

0.070

 Vitamin B6 (mg/d)

2.59 ± 0.02^a

2.47 ± 0.02^b

2.24 ± 0.02^c

 < 0.001

2.55 ± 0.03^a

2.49 ± 0.02^a

2.27 ± 0.03^b

 < 0.001

 Folic Acid (µg/d)

388.1 ± 3.2^a

371.6 ± .3.2^b

331.2 ± 3.2^c

 < 0.001

364.7 ± 4.6^ab

374.0 ± 3.3^a

352.1 ± 5.2^b

0.001

 Vitamin B12 (µg/d)

6.43 ± 0.10^a

5.75 ± 0.10^b

5.20 ± 0.10^c

 < 0.001

5.54 ± 0.15

5.72 ± 0.11

6.13 ± 0.17

0.104

 Magnesium (mg/day)

335.2 ± 2.0^a

329.8 ± 2.0^a

309.9 ± 2.0^b

 < 0.001

321.7 ± 2.8

327.4 ± 2.0

325.8 ± 3.2

0.195

 Calcium (mg/day)

950.0 ± 7.4^a

946.4 ± 7.2^a

919.2 ± 7.3^b

0.005

892.3 ± 10.3^a

956.6 ± 7.4^b

966.7 ± 11.6^b

 < 0.001

 Iron (mg/day)

43.7 ± 1.6

41.6 ± 1.6

39.6 ± 1.6

0.216

37.4 ± 2.3^a

45.5 ± 1.6^b

42.0 ± 2.6^ab

0.004

 Zinc (mg/day)

12.6 ± 0.08^a

11.5 ± 0.08^b

10.5 ± 0.08^c

 < 0.001

11..2 ± 0.1^a

11.8 ± 0.1^b

11.5 ± 0.1^ab

 < 0.001

Food groups²

 Whole grains (g/day)

51.8 ± 1.5^a

69.9 ± 1.5^b

102.2 ± 1.5^c

 < 0.001

46.2 ± 2.2^a

76.2 ± 1.6^b

101.4 ± 2.5^c

 < 0.001

 Refined grains (g/day)

195.8 ± 3.9^a

227.4 ± 3.8^b

245.7 ± 3.8^c

 < 0.001

188.6 ± 5.4^a

223.9 ± 3.9^b

256.3 ± 3.1^c

 < 0.001

 Low fat dairy products (g/day)

70.3 ± 2.6^a

59.1 ± 2.6^b

48.7 ± 2.6^c

 < 0.001

56.1 ± 3.7

62.7 ± 2.7

59.5 ± 4.1

0.232

 High fat dairy products (g/day)

189.8 ± 3.9^a

180.7 ± 3.8^ab

168.3 ± 3.9^b

0.001

178.8 ± 5.5

185.3 ± 4.0

174.7 ± 6.2

0.225

 Nuts (g/day)

28.7 ± 0.6^a

21.7 ± 0.6^b

15.9 ± 0.6^c

 < 0.001

32.4 ± 0.9^a

24.3 ± 0.6^b

9.5 ± 1.0^c

 < 0.001

 Legumes (g/day)

49.0 ± 1.2^a

47.4 ± 1.2^ab

43.6 ± 1.2^b

0.009

38.3 ± 1.7^a

45.8 ± 1.3^b

56.1 ± 2.0^c

 < 0.001

 Red meats (g/day)

57.5 ± 1.3^a

54.7 ± 1.3^ab

50.6 ± 1.3^b

0.001

42.4 ± 1.8^a

55.1 ± 1.3^b

65.4 ± 2.0^c

 < 0.001

 Processed meats (g/day)

76.4 ± 1.4^a

66.3 ± 1.4^b

60.2 ± 1.4^c

 < 0.001

59.2 ± 2.0^a

68.9 ± 1.4^b

74.8 ± 2.2^b

 < 0.001

 Fruits (g/day)

454.4 ± 9.7^a

477.0 ± 9.7^a

511.2 ± 9.6^b

 < 0.001

365.5 ± 13.5^a

479.9 ± 9.7^b

597.1 ± 15.2^c

 < 0.001

 Vegetables (g/day)

228.8 ± 4.6^a

222.9 ± 4.5^a

191.8 ± 4.6^b

 < 0.001

195.3 ± 6.4^a

217.4 ± 4.7^b

230.8 ± 7.3^b

0.005

 Caffeine (mg/day)

100.2 ± 3.5^a

107.6 ± 3.4^ab

117.0 ± 3.4^b

0.003

109.3 ± 4.9

108.4 ± 3.5

107.0 ± 5.5

0.970