Table 1 Characteristics of individuals at the beginning of the study

Age (years) (\(\tilde x + SD\))

24.9 ± 2.42

25.6 ± 3.79

0.109^a

Body Mass Index (kg/m²) (\(\tilde x + SD\))

26.9 ± 1.61

26.9 ± 1.52

0.610^a

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

89.00 (13.75)

91.00 (5.50)

0.901

Insulin (µIU/mL)

6.45 (4.28)

8.20 (7.10)

0.153

HOMA-IR

1.37 (1.22)

1.68 (1.70)

0.292

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

186.50 (17.00)

191.00 (54.00)

0.804

LDL-C (mg/dL)

116.50 (17.50)

126.00 (44.00)

0.620

HDL-C (mg/dL)

54.00 (21.00)

50.00 (15.00)

0.144

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

89.00 (40.50)

82.00 (52.00)

0.780

 C-Reactive Protein (mg/L)

3.98 (4.18)

1.96 (3.26)

0.154

IL-6 (pg/mL)

2.07 (1.82)

1.97 (2.92)

0.749

Total Antioxidant Status (mmol/L)

1.19 (0.23)

1.27 (0.29)

0.926

Total Oxidant Status (µmol/L)

4.38 (1.56)

4.51 (1.89)

0.756

Oxidative Stress Index

0.39 (0.12)

0.36 (0.17)

0.951

Leptin (pg/mL)

13600.26 (13338.46)

6676.70 (7111.13)

0.226

Adiponectin (ng/mL)

9377.15 (4054.99)

5482.65 (3063.65)

0.005*

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

105.00 (5.25)

104.00 (22.00)

0.641

Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

70.00 (16.75)

63.00 (20.50)

0.062

Heart rate (bpm)

79.00 (9.00)

71.00 (19.00)

0.099

Resting energy expenditure (kcal/day)

1562.50 (357.75)

1515.00 (237.00)

0.780

Total energy expenditure (kcal/day)

1992.87 (524.44)

1955.00 (294.90)

1.000

Calculated Diet (kcal/day)

-

1508.50 (139.34)

-

Physical activity level (PAL)

1.25 (0.06)

1.27 (0.03)

0.188

Number of steps during study (number/day)

6266.0 (4294.50)

6453.0 (4192.50)

0.722