Table 3 The mean ± SD of energy, macronutrient and food groups at baseline across quartiles of GI and GL score
Characteristics (mean (SD) or %) | GI quartiles | P – value* | GL quartiles | P – value* | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (N = 79) | Q2 (N = 78) | Q3 (N = 79) | Q4 (N = 79) | Total (N = 315) | Q1 (N = 78) | Q2 (N = 79) | Q3 (N = 79) | Q4 (N = 79) | Total (N = 315) | |||
Energy and macronutrients | ||||||||||||
Energy (kcal/d) | 3432.13 ± 724.49 | 3028.78 ± 689.25 | 2903.09 ± 704.26 | 2723.79 ± 687.04 | 3021.92 ± 745 | < 0.001a | 2529.83 ± 880.17 | 2921.45 ± 718.43 | 2956.44 ± 390.18 | 3673.75 ± 341.29 | 3021.92 ± 745.39 | < 0.001a |
Carbohydrates intake (g) | 570.58 ± 141.01 | 478.58 ± 136.92 | 440.56 ± 126.66 | 412.27 ± 114.97 | 475.37 ± 142.73 | 0.07 | 325.00 ± 97.97 | 444.99 ± 93.69 | 510.50 ± 101.75 | 619.90 ± 86.48 | 475.37 ± 142.73 | < 0.001 |
Protein intake (g) | 122.61 ± 25.96 | 104.67 ± 23.76 | 98.59 ± 25.24 | 92.27 ± 27.43 | 104.54 ± 27.43 | 0.06 | 75.77 ± 19.39 | 99.08 ± 19.53 | 113.02 ± 22.18 | 130.09 ± 13.95 | 104.54 ± 27.43 | 0.01 |
Total fat intake (g) | 83.40 ± 25.25 | 77.49 ± 20.77 | 85.46 ± 26.94 | 77.89 ± 24.18 | 81.07 ± 24.53 | 0.07 | 65.74 ± 25.14 | 77.10 ± 20.20 | 87.73 ± 25.26 | 93.65 ± 17.31 | 81.07 ± 24.53 | 0.40 |
Food groups | ||||||||||||
Refine grains(g) | 634.94 ± 328.31 | 551.94 ± 205.58 | 576.77 ± 199.63 | 594.56 ± 192.33 | 589.67 ± 239.05 | < 0.001 | 312.93 ± 120.39 | 522.90 ± 114.58 | 650.48 ± 121.27 | 870.48 ± 152.32 | 589.67 ± 239.05 | < 0.001 |
Whole grains(g) | 186.19 ± 162.93 | 167.00 ± 86.32 | 90.44 ± 73.06 | 29.02 ± 30.26 | 118.01 ± 118.00 | < 0.001 | 91.80 ± 133.55 | 135.21 ± 135.58 | 119.20 ± 102.83 | 125.27 ± 91.34 | 118.01 ± 118.00 | < 0.001 |
Red meat(g) | 17.34 ± 8.66 | 16.28 ± 5.80 | 17.80 ± 8.69 | 17.35 ± 6.41 | 17.20 ± 7.49 | 0.009 | 13.77 ± 7.41 | 14.94 ± 5.20 | 19.06 ± 7.77 | 21.03 ± 7.03 | 17.20 ± 7.49 | 0.01 |
Processed meat(g) | 24.43 ± 26.27 | 17.81 ± 21.56 | 15.10 ± 17.87 | 8.04 ± 11.65 | 16.34 ± 20.79 | < 0.001 | 18.03 ± 22.50 | 16.83 ± 24.28 | 15.36 ± 18.64 | 15.14 ± 17.16 | 16.34 ± 20.79 | 0.002 |
White meat(g) | 48.60 ± 21.13 | 44.38 ± 14.36 | 45.23 ± 16.05 | 45.25 ± 19.50 | 45.87 ± 18.01 | 0.64 | 37.24 ± 17.29 | 46.56 ± 15.98 | 47.72 ± 18.65 | 51.85 ± 17.15 | 45.87 ± 18.01 | 0.01 |
Beans(g) | 40.52 ± 30.42 | 32.40 ± 9.66 | 34.38 ± 10.64 | 30.19 ± 16.00 | 34.38 ± 18.96 | 0.20 | 35.23 ± 29.53 | 30.05 ± 8.66 | 35.53 ± 16.31 | 36.78 ± 14.85 | 34.38 ± 18.96 | < 0.001 |
Dairy(g) | 420.23 ± 155.14 | 440.19 ± 182.69 | 455.74 ± 182.15 | 448.30 ± 171.53 | 441.12 ± 172.89 | < 0.001 | 293.97 ± 126.46 | 415.75 ± 141.87 | 502.01 ± 176.93 | 551.97 ± 121.63 | 441.12 ± 172.89 | < 0.001 |
Vegetable(g) | 363.17 ± 167.07 | 370.44 ± 143.17 | 378.74 ± 135.55 | 346.21 ± 131.52 | 364.62 ± 144.79 | 0.09 | 307.35 ± 137.07 | 333.84 ± 127.37 | 389.17 ± 142.32 | 428.10 ± 143.14 | 364.62 ± 144.79 | 0.17 |
Fruit(g) | 341 ± 90.70 | 394.97 ± 125.97 | 363.84 ± 112.01 | 307.68 ± 112.61 | 351.82 ± 114.89 | < 0.001 | 285.44 ± 129.42 | 340.94 ± 89.49 | 372.04 ± 98.72 | 408.42 ± 103.39 | 351.82 ± 114.89 | 0.62 |
Sweets(g) | 65.15 ± 46.89 | 34.63 ± 21.97 | 29.22 ± 18.59 | 53.66 ± 43.54 | 45.70 ± 37.83 | < 0.001 | 43.70 ± 45.18 | 37.62 ± 27.72 | 51.97 ± 38.84 | 49.66 ± 36.77 | 45.70 ± 37.83 | 0.04 |
Nut(g) | 14.92 ± 18.06 | 11.23 ± 21.45 | 14.64 ± 23.31 | 7.45 ± 10.88 | 12.06 ± 19.17 | 0.01 | 14.37 ± 19.91 | 11.20 ± 23.00 | 14.74 ± 21.25 | 8.00 ± 8.76 | 12.06 ± 19.17 | 0.11 |