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Table 4 The mean ± SD of energy, macronutrient and food groups at baseline across quartiles of DII and DIL score

From: Glycemic index, glycemic load, dietary insulin index, and dietary insulin load in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors among participants with atherosclerosis: a cross-sectional study

Characteristics (mean (SD) or %)

DII quartiles

P – value*

DIL quartiles

P – value*

Q1 (N = 79)

Q2 (N = 78)

Q3 (N = 79)

Q4 (N = 79)

Total (N = 315)

Q1 (N = 78)

Q2 (N = 79)

Q3 (N = 79)

Q4 (N = 79)

Total (N = 315)

Energy (kcal/d)

3432.13 ± 724.49

3028.78 ± 689.25

2903.09 ± 704.26

2723.79 ± 687.04

30.21.92 ± 745.39

 < 0.001a

2228.95 ± 577.63

2883.88 ± 491.41

3218.25 ± 544.81

3750.81 ± 380.54

3021.92 ± 745.39

 < 0.001a

Carbohydrates intake (g)

535.01 ± 165.35

448.77 ± 139.05

457.72 ± 138.56

460.72 ± 108.08

475.37 ± 142.73

 < 0.001

85.66 ± 33.62

102.96 ± 27.12

102.99 ± 14.00

126.29 ± 11.88

104.54 ± 27.43

0.12

Protein intake (g)

117.99 ± 30.49

98.11 ± 25.49

100.90 ± 28.19

101.31 ± 20.49

104.54 ± 27.43

0.01

381.69 ± 172.41

464.43 ± 137.39

456.97 ± 63.05

597.19 ± 74.48

475.37 ± 142.73

0.10

Total fat intake (g)

88.93 ± 30.93

84.96 ± 22.17

75.81 ± 20.97

74.68 ± 19.98

81.07 ± 24.53

0.008

65.09 ± 21.39

80.69 ± 26.20

82.46 ± 21.42

95.84 ± 18.62

81.07 ± 24.53

0.006

Refine grains (g)

624.11 ± 300.29

549.98 ± 229.62

621.12 ± 207.80

563.91 ± 201.63

589.67 ± 239.05

 < 0.001

454.86 ± 269.68

555.60 ± 224.41

578.45 ± 123.60

768.07 ± 202.22

589.67 ± 239.05

0.10

Whole grains (g)

148.04 ± 136.60

79.17 ± 97.38

100.72 ± 117

68

144.47 ± 104.21

118.01 ± 118.00

0.001

72.73 ± 104.23

142.33 ± 126.90

99.68 ± 86.14

156.71 ± 131.52

118.01 ± 118.00

0.02

Red meat(g)

18.12 ± 9.49

17.25 ± 6.98

16.49 ± 6.15

16.94 ± 7.02

17.20 ± 7.49

0.50

13.44 ± 6.41

17.49 ± 8.56

16.95 ± 5.43

20.86 ± 7.40

17.20 ± 7.49

0.01

Processed meat(g)

18.27 ± 18.66

23.42 ± 26.66

9.66 ± 14.41

14.04 ± 19.31

16.34 ± 20.79

 < 0.001

20.21 ± 22.15

10.86 ± 17.34

15.80 ± 22.76

18.54 ± 19.67

16.34 ± 20.79

0.01

White meat(g)

47.04 ± 20.41

44.45 ± 19.24

46.33 ± 15.71

45.69 ± 16.56

45.87 ± 18.01

0.39

38.56 ± 18.29

46.83 ± 18.43

45.86 ± 16.99

52.13 ± 15.92

45.87 ± 18.01

0.16

Beans(g)

37.21 ± 25.02

35.05 ± 16.74

32.15 ± 15.34

33.15 ± 17.27

34.38 ± 18.96

0.79

27.35 ± 14.57

37.36 ± 21.91

32.48 ± 14.21

40.23 ± 21.42

34.38 ± 18.96

0.06

Dairy(g)

453.02 ± 184.28

413.45 ± 150.80

472.79 ± 174.22

425.36 ± 177.56

441.12 ± 172.89

0.001

333.93 ± 162.51

426.43 ± 164.77

468.96 ± 161.26

533.78 ± 141.12

441.12 ± 172.89

0.001

Vegetable(g)

366.48 ± 175.71

359.18 ± 138.26

395.54 ± 140.76

337.31 ± 115.03

364.62 ± 144.79

0.007

297.37 ± 138.42

360.65 ± 140.82

380.06 ± 134.83

419.55 ± 140.83

364.62 ± 144.79

0.03

Fruit(g)

338.27 ± 111.80

381.27 ± 131.91

343.90 ± 111.85

343.67 ± 98.46

351.82 ± 114.89

 < 0.001

292.80 ± 127.52

330.43 ± 98.16

361.36 ± 87.94

421.96 ± 103.40

351.82 ± 114.89

0.002

Sweets(g)

52.05 ± 43.51

37.04 ± 28.21

33.57 ± 21.23

60.21 ± 46.55

45.70 ± 37.83

 < 0.001

37.57 ± 30.16

41.77 ± 38.25

48.04 ± 36.51

55.31 ± 43.43

45.70 ± 37.83

0.70

Nut(g)

19.64 ± 33.49

12.19 ± 13.10

7.33 ± 5.39

9.18 ± 9.11

12.06 ± 19.17

0.003

9.12 ± 11.15

15.11 ± 26.88

13.46 ± 21.21

10.52 ± 12.72

12.06 ± 19.17

0.04

  1. The data are presented as "mean ± SD". P-values of statistical significance (p < 0.05) are presented in bold
  2. a. The significant difference based on One-way ANOVA without adjustment of energy (p < 0.05)
  3. *. The significant difference based on Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with adjustment of energy (p < 0.05)
  4. Abbreviation: DII Dietary insulin index, DIL Dietary insulin load
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BMC Nutrition

ISSN: 2055-0928

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