Glycemic index, glycemic load, dietary insulin index, and dietary insulin load in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors among participants with atherosclerosis: a cross-sectional study

Behbahani, Hossein Bavi; Shokuhi, Mahshad; Clark, Cain C. T.; Javid, Ahmad Zare; Aghamohammadi, Vahideh; bazyar, Hadi; Samadani, Mahsa; Haybar, Habib

doi:10.1186/s40795-023-00755-4

Table 5 The Association between GI, GL, DII, and DIL score (independent variables) with metabolic parameters (dependent variables) in atherosclerosis patients

From: Glycemic index, glycemic load, dietary insulin index, and dietary insulin load in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors among participants with atherosclerosis: a cross-sectional study

Variables	Model 1^a			Model 2^b			Model 3^c
Variables	B (Unstandardized)	SE	P—value	B (Unstandardized)	SE	P—value	B (Unstandardized)	SE	P—value
According to GI score
FBS (mg/dL)	0.42	0.17	0.01	0.73	0.18	< 0.001	0.62	0.18	0.001
TG (mg/dL)	1.30	0.72	0.07	1.79	0.76	0.02	1.41	0.79	0.07
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	2.65	0.71	< 0.001	4.26	0.71	< 0.001	3.87	0.72	< 0.001
LDL-c (mg/dL)	1.01	0.59	0.09	2.54	0.58	< 0.001	2.28	0.60	< 0.001
HDL-c (mg/dL)	-0.69	0.08	< 0.001	-0.62	0.08	< 0.001	-0.64	0.09	< 0.001
BUN (mg/dL)	0.04	0.05	0.37	0.08	0.05	0.12	0.10	0.05	0.06
Creatinine(mg/dL)	0.005	0.002	0.05	0.008	0.003	0.002	0.008	0.003	0.003
Na (mEq/L)	0.002	0.03	0.96	-0.01	0.04	0.80	-0.009	0.042	0.83
K (mEq/L)	0.005	0.006	0.41	0.004	0.006	0.47	0.006	0.006	0.31
AST (IU/L)	1.05	0.13	< 0.001	1.25	0.14	< 0.001	1.25	0.14	< 0.001
ALT (IU/L)	0.78	0.13	< 0.001	0.91	0.014	< 0.001	0.09	0.15	< 0.001
AIP	0.01	0.002	< 0.001	0.01	0.002	< 0.001	0.10	0.002	< 0.001
According to DII score
FBS (mg/dL)	-0.01	0.09	0.89	0.11	0.10	0.24	0.04	0.10	0.66
TG (mg/dL)	0.20	0.40	0.61	0.38	0.42	0.36	0.19	0.43	0.65
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	0.08	0.39	0.83	0.73	0.40	0.07	0.41	0.40	0.31
LDL-c (mg/dL)	0.01	0.33	0.97	0.72	0.32	0.02	0.52	0.32	0.11
HDL-c (mg/dL)	-0.10	0.05	0.03	-0.03	0.05	0.52	-0.03	0.05	0.055
BUN (mg/dL)	-0.02	0.02	0.48	-0.005	0.03	0.86	0.006	0.03	0.84
Creatinine(mg/dL)	0.001	0.001	0.44	0.002	0.001	0.08	0.002	0.001	0.10
Na (mEq/L)	0.04	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.05	0.04	0.02	0.05
K (mEq/L)	0.004	0.003	0.21	0.004	0.003	0.24	0.005	0.003	0.14
AST (IU/L)	0.14	0.08	0.07	0.19	0.08	0.02	0.16	0.08	0.06
ALT (IU/L)	0.13	0.07	0.08	0.16	0.08	0.04	0.14	0.08	0.08
AIP	0.001	0.001	0.49	0.001	0.001	0.51	0.00	0.001	0.98

Variables	Model 1^a			Model 2^b			Model 3^c
Variables	B (Unstandardized)	SE	P—value	B (Unstandardized)	SE	P—value	B (Unstandardized)	SE	P—value
According to GL score
FBS (mg/dL)	0.04	0.009	< 0.001	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.01
TG (mg/dL)	0.09	0.03	< 0.001	0.15	0.05	0.006	0.11	0.05	0.04
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	0.22	0.03	< 0.001	0.23	0.05	< 0.001	0.21	0.05	< 0.001
LDL-c (mg/dL)	0.19	0.02	< 0.001	0.15	0.04	< 0.001	0.13	0.04	0.002
HDL-c (mg/dL)	0.007	0.005	0.13	-0.02	0.007	0.002	-0.02	0.007	0.001
BUN (mg/dL)	0.006	0.003	0.01	0.008	0.004	0.04	0.01	0.004	0.01
Creatinine(mg/dL)	0.00	0.00	< 0.001	0.001	0.00	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.001
Na (mEq/L)	-0.001	0.002	0.51	0.00	0.003	0.95	0.00	0.003	0.97
K (mEq/L)	0.00	0.00	0.35	0.001	0.00	0.05	0.001	0.00	0.008
AST (IU/L)	0.03	0.007	< 0.001	0.06	0.01	< 0.001	0.06	0.01	< 0.001
ALT (IU/L)	0.02	0.007	< 0.001	0.05	0.01	< 0.001	0.05	0.01	< 0.001
AIP	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.001	0.00	< 0.001	0.001	0.00	0.002
According to DII score
FBS (mg/dL)	0.001	0.00	0.002	0.001	0.00	0.19	0.001	0.00	0.53
TG (mg/dL)	0.00	0.00	0.15	0.00	0.00	0.31	0.001	0.00	0.57
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	0.00	0.00	< 0.001	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.00	.00	0.18
LDL-c (mg/dL)	0.00	0.00	< 0.001	0.00	0.00	0.009	0.00	0.00	0.03
HDL-c (mg/dL)	0.001	0.00	0.08	-0.001	0.00	0.43	-0.001	0.00	0.45
BUN (mg/dL)	0.001	0.00	0.74	-0.001	0.00	0.52	-0.001	0.00	0.80
Creatinine(mg/dL)	0.001	0.00	0.006	0.001	0.00	0.10	0.001	0.00	0.12
Na (mEq/L)	0.001	0.00	0.21	0.001	0.00	0.05	0.001	0.00	0.05
K (mEq/L)	0.001	0.00	0.39	0.001	0.00	0.20	0.001	0.00	0.10
AST (IU/L)	0.001	0.00	0.01	0.001	0.00	0.01	0.001	0.00	0.04
ALT (IU/L)	0.001	0.00	0.08	0.001	0.00	0.08	0.001	0.00	0.16
AIP	0.001	0.00	0.56	0.001	0.00	0.42	0.001	0.00	0.67

a. Model 1, linear regression analysis without adjustment; b. Model 2, linear regression analysis with adjustment for energy intake; c. Model 3, linear regression analysis with correction for age, sex, energy intake, physical activity, race, BMI, WC, marital status, and education
P-values of statistical significance (p < 0.05) are presented in bold
Abbreviation: GI Glycaemic index, GL Glycemic load, DII Dietary insulin index, DIL Dietary insulin load, FBS Fasting blood sugar, LDL-c Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, BUN Blood urea nitrogen, Na Sodium, K Potassium, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, AIP Atherogenic index of plasma

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ISSN: 2055-0928

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