Table 5 Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with undernutrition among pregnant women in Gindeberet district, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 621)

Education of mothers

Informal education

41(20%)

156(80%)

0.25(0.06, 0.95)

0.526(0.07, 3.85)

0.527

Primary school

36(16.1%)

188(83.9%)

0.32(0.09, 1.08)

0.49(0.08, 3.21)

0.458

Secondary school

22(16.7%)

110(83.3%)

0.31(0.087, 1.07)

0.59(0.94, 3.68)

0.570

Diploma & above

11(16.18%)

57(83.82%)

1

1

Occupation of mothers

Farmer

11(50%)

11(50%)

4.60(1.56, 13.54)

1.45(0.11, 20.06)

0.781

Housewife

67(14.9%)

382(85.1%)

0.81(0.39, 1.68)

2.21(0.26, 18.56)

0.465

Private employee

16(30.8%)

35(69.2%)

2.04(0.69, 6.00)

11.80(1.20, 53.84)

0.134

Merchant

6(14%)

37(86%)

0.75(0.25, 0.24)

1.63(0.17, 15.86)

0.676

Gov’t employee

10(17.9%)

46(82.1%)

1

1

Residence

Urban

11(8.7%)

116 (91.3%)

1

1

Rural

99(20%)

395(80%)

2.64(1.371, 5.09)

1.30(0.421, 4.02)

0.648

Source of drinking water

Protected

95(16.7%)

475(83.3%)

1

1

Unprotected

15(29.4%)

36(70.6%)

2.08(1.10, 3.96)

4.14(1.63, 10.52)

0.003*

ANC visit

Yes

444(84.7%)

80(15.3%)

1

1

No

67(69.1%)

30(30.9%)

2.49(1.519, 4.07)

2.32(1.38, 3.90)

0.001*

Gravidity

≤ 5

45(15.5%)

245(84.5%)

1

> 5

65(19.6%)

266(80.4%)

0.75(0.49, 1.14)

0.73(0.38, 1.43)

0.367

Gestational age

First trimester

15(24.2%)

47(75.8%)

1

1

 s trimester

65(17.4%)

308(82.6%)

0.66(0.35, 1.25)

0.633(0.32, 1.26)

0.193

Third trimester

30(16.1%)

156(83.9%)

0.60(0.30, 1.21)

0.67(0.32, 1.43)

0.305

Having nutrition information

Yes

66(15.0%)

374(85.0%)

1

1

No

44(24.3%)

137(75.7%)

1.82(1.19, 2.79)

1.280(0.77, 2.13)

0.341

Family size

> 5

69(20.5%)

267(79.5%)

1.54(1.10, 2.35)

2.93(1.10, 7.79)

0.031*

≤ 5

41(14.5%)

244 (85.5%)

1

Alcohol consumption

Yes

No

57(91.9%)

454(81.2%)

5(8.1%)

105(18.8%)

0.38(0.15, 0.97)

1

2.74(1.05, 7.17)

1

0.054