Fig. 4

The effect of the daily yogurt supplementation on the gut microbiota among older Caribbean Latino adults compared to a non-yogurt diet-control group. A Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) of beta diversity during the intervention showed changes in composition of rare taxa in unweighted UniFrac distance. Analysis was performed comparing control and yogurt groups only within the intervention phase. No baseline samples were included (PERMANOVA, P = 0.047). B Alpha diversity showed no significant association with daily yogurt consumption when analyzed with linear mixed models only including the yogurt group comparing baseline vs intervention phase (Shannon index, LMM, P ≥ 0.25). Although significant differences were observed at 6.1 to 9 weeks (Kruskal–Wallis, P = 0.01). Panels A and B include per subject repeated measures