Table 2 Multilevel multivariate logistic models of predictors of malnutrition with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) among children 6–59 months in nigeria
Model 2 (N = 7770): Level-1 variables (child, parental, and households) | Model 3 (N = 7770): Level-1 & 2 variables (Model 2 + community-related) | Model 4 (N = 7770): Level 1, 2, & 3 variables (Model 3 + area-related) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI |
Child’s sex | ||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Female | 0.742* | (0.669, 0.823) | 0.743* | (0.669, 0.825) | 0.742* | (0.669, 0.824) |
Child’s age in group | ||||||
6–11 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
12–23 months | 1.69* | (1.402, 2.036) | 1.688* | (1.4, 2.034) | 1.664* | (1.381, 2.005) |
24–35 months | 2.282* | (1.771, 2.941) | 2.268* | (1.759, 2.923) | 2.219* | (1.722, 2.858) |
36–47 months | 1.848* | (1.428, 2.393) | 1.847* | (1.426, 2.391) | 1.791* | (1.384, 2.318) |
48–59 months | 1.318* | (1.014, 1.715) | 1.312* | (1.008, 1.706) | 1.276 | (0.982, 1.659) |
Child’s birth size | ||||||
Large | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Average | 1.256* | (1.044, 1.512) | 1.259* | (1.046, 1.515) | 1.26* | (1.049, 1.514) |
Small | 1.805* | (1.428, 2.282) | 1.809* | (1.431, 2.288) | 1.79* | (1.419, 2.26) |
Preceding birth interval | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
8–24 months | 1.313* | (1.092, 1.579) | 1.32* | (1.098, 1.587) | 1.311* | (1.091, 1.575) |
25–35 months | 1.015 | (0.85, 1.212) | 1.019 | (0.854, 1.217) | 1.015 | (0.85, 1.211) |
36–59 months | 0.839 | (0.699, 1.008) | 0.844 | (0.703, 1.014) | 0.841 | (0.701, 1.011) |
60 + months | 0.753* | (0.591, 0.96) | 0.758* | (0.594, 0.966) | 0.757* | (0.594, 0.964) |
Took Iron supplements | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.096 | (0.948, 1.268) | 1.099 | (0.95, 1.27) | 1.13 | (0.979, 1.304) |
Duration of breastfeeding | ||||||
Ever breastfed, not currently breastfeeding | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Never breastfed | 1.169 | (0.762, 1.793) | 1.155 | (0.753, 1.771) | 1.185 | (0.773, 1.815) |
Still breastfeeding | 0.996 | (0.819, 1.211) | 0.988 | (0.813, 1.202) | 0.974 | (0.801, 1.184) |
Malaria RTD status | ||||||
Negative | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Positive | 1.078 | (0.956, 1.216) | 1.07 | (0.949, 1.207) | 1.071 | (0.95, 1.207) |
Anaemia status | ||||||
Not anaemic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Anaemic | 1.33* | (1.176, 1.505) | 1.325* | (1.172, 1.499) | 1.332* | (1.178, 1.506) |
Child had cough in last 2 weeks before the survey | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 0.926 | (0.801, 1.07) | 0.932 | (0.807, 1.077) | 0.899 | (0.779, 1.039) |
Child had diarrheal in last 2 weeks before the survey | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.267* | (1.078, 1.49) | 1.276* | (1.086, 1.501) | 1.267* | (1.08, 1.488) |
Place of child’s delivery | ||||||
Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Public facility | 0.925 | (0.801, 1.069) | 0.933 | (0.807, 1.079) | 0.934 | (0.809, 1.078) |
Private facility | 0.843 | (0.689, 1.032) | 0.843 | (0.689, 1.033) | 0.853 | (0.698, 1.042) |
Elsewhere | 0.722 | (0.475, 1.098) | 0.717 | (0.472, 1.091) | 0.718 | (0.473, 1.09) |
Mother/Caregiver currently working | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.134 | (0.997, 1.289) | 1.128 | (0.992, 1.282) | 1.14* | (1.005, 1.294) |
Maternal/caregiver highest educational level | ||||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Primary | 0.94 | (0.786, 1.123) | 0.938 | (0.783, 1.123) | 0.972 | (0.812, 1.163) |
Secondary | 0.713* | (0.591, 0.859) | 0.702* | (0.576, 0.854) | 0.709* | (0.583, 0.863) |
Higher | 0.52* | (0.386, 0.701) | 0.512* | (0.377, 0.695) | 0.513* | (0.378, 0.696) |
Mother’s religious status | ||||||
Catholic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Other Christian | 1.076 | (0.861, 1.345) | 1.093 | (0.874, 1.367) | 1.107 | (0.891, 1.375) |
Islam | 1.206 | (0.912, 1.594) | 1.247 | (0.942, 1.649) | 1.203 | (0.919, 1.575) |
Traditionalist & others | 0.868 | (0.455, 1.656) | 0.881 | (0.462, 1.679) | 1.029 | (0.539, 1.966) |
Maternal ethnicity | ||||||
Hausa/Fulani/Kanuri/Seribiri | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Ibos | 0.542* | (0.382, 0.768) | 0.544* | (0.383, 0.771) | 0.633* | (0.415, 0.966) |
Yoruba | 0.879 | (0.644, 1.201) | 0.889 | (0.651, 1.212) | 1.187 | (0.853, 1.651) |
Others | 0.737* | (0.599, 0.908) | 0.733* | (0.595, 0.902) | 0.831 | (0.677, 1.021) |
Mother’s Anaemia status | ||||||
Not Anaemic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Anaemic | 1.091 | (0.977, 1.218) | 1.088 | (0.975, 1.215) | 1.096 | (0.983, 1.223) |
Maternal body weight status | ||||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Underweight | 1.267* | (1.064, 1.508) | 1.267* | (1.064, 1.509) | 1.266* | (1.063, 1.506) |
Overweight | 0.706* | (0.607, 0.82) | 0.707* | (0.609, 0.822) | 0.71* | (0.611, 0.824) |
Obese | 0.599* | (0.484, 0.741) | 0.604* | (0.488, 0.748) | 0.596* | (0.481, 0.737) |
Partner education status | ||||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Primary education | 1.002 | (0.829, 1.21) | 1.003 | (0.83, 1.213) | 1.017 | (0.842, 1.228) |
Secondary education | 0.96 | (0.806, 1.143) | 0.968 | (0.812, 1.154) | 0.965 | (0.81, 1.148) |
Tertiary education | 0.789* | (0.629, 0.989) | 0.797 | (0.636, 1) | 0.78* | (0.623, 0.977) |
Household wealth index | ||||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Poorer | 0.895 | (0.751, 1.067) | 0.923 | (0.773, 1.102) | 0.943 | (0.792, 1.122) |
Middle | 0.846 | (0.698, 1.025) | 0.952 | (0.77, 1.177) | 0.97 | (0.787, 1.195) |
Richer | 0.639* | (0.516, 0.791) | 0.764 | (0.592, 0.986) | 0.797 | (0.62, 1.026) |
Richest | 0.571* | (0.438, 0.743) | 0.687* | (0.508, 0.93) | 0.732* | (0.543, 0.986) |
Household Head age group | ||||||
Less 34 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
35–44 years | 0.945 | (0.82, 1.089) | 0.945 | (0.819, 1.089) | 0.946 | (0.821, 1.091) |
45–55 years | 0.857 | (0.72, 1.019) | 0.861 | (0.723, 1.024) | 0.863 | (0.725, 1.026) |
56 years+ | 0.899 | (0.736, 1.099) | 0.913 | (0.746, 1.116) | 0.922 | (0.755, 1.127) |
Number of bedrooms in household | ||||||
One-room | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Two rooms | 1.215* | (1.049, 1.408) | 1.204* | (1.038, 1.395) | 1.191* | (1.028, 1.38) |
Three rooms | 1.286* | (1.073, 1.541) | 1.264* | (1.054, 1.515) | 1.227* | (1.024, 1.469) |
Four rooms | 1.381* | (1.103, 1.729) | 1.347* | (1.075, 1.689) | 1.336* | (1.068, 1.673) |
Five + rooms | 1.207 | (0.938, 1.553) | 1.179 | (0.916, 1.519) | 1.158 | (0.9, 1.49) |
Number of people in household | ||||||
0–3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
4–6 | 0.836 | (0.674, 1.036) | 0.837 | (0.675, 1.038) | 0.84 | (0.678, 1.041) |
7–9 | 0.921 | (0.718, 1.181) | 0.921 | (0.718, 1.182) | 0.928 | (0.724, 1.189) |
10+ | 1.009 | (0.761, 1.337) | 1.013 | (0.764, 1.344) | 1.008 | (0.761, 1.335) |
Community wealth level | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High | 0.797* | (0.657, 0.967) | 0.845 | (0.696, 1.026) | ||
Proportion of community distance to health facility is no big problem | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High | 0.918 | (0.8, 1.054) | 0.867* | (0.761, 0.988) | ||
Proportion of community maternal education level | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High | 1.103 | (0.906, 1.344) | 1.135 | (0.933, 1.381) | ||
Proportion of community households with no bed net | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High | 0.935 | (0.813, 1.076) | 0.972 | (0.848, 1.113) | ||
Gender inequality index by state (GII) | ||||||
Lowest GII | 1.00 | |||||
Low GII | 1.454* | (1.144, 1.849) | ||||
Average GII | 1.066 | (0.819, 1.388) | ||||
High GII | 0.814 | (0.647, 1.023) | ||||
Highest GII | 1.042 | (0.783, 1.387) | ||||
Region of residence | ||||||
North-central | 1.00 | |||||
North-east | 2.272* | (1.773, 2.912) | ||||
North-west | 3.111* | (2.339, 4.138) | ||||
South-east | 1.106 | (0.714, 1.712) | ||||
South-south | 0.979 | (0.734, 1.306) | ||||
South-west | 1.093 | (0.807, 1.481) | ||||
Type of place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 1.00 | |||||
Rural | 1.01 | (0.869, 1.173) | ||||
Intercept | 0.527 | (0.319, 0.872) | 0.547 | (0.329, 0.91) | 0.316* | (0.182, 0.547) |
Random effect | ||||||
Community-level variance | 0.166 | 0.098, 0.283 | 0.165 | 0.096, 0.282 | 0.155 | 0.089, 0.270 |
State-level variance | 0112 | 0.057, 0.220 | 0.109 | 0.054, 0.219 | 0.006 | 0.000, 0.159 |
VPC: community-level | 0.047 | 0.046 | 0.045 | |||
VPC: state-level | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.002 | |||
ICC: community-level | 0.078 | 0.077 | 0.047 | |||
ICC: state-level | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.002 | |||
MOR: community | 1.475 | 1.348, 1.661 | 1.473 | 1.344, 1.659 | 1.456 | 1.329, 1.641 |
MOR: state | 1.376 | 1.256, 1.564 | 1.370 | 1.248, 1.563 | 1.077 | 1.014, 1.463 |
Model fit statistic | ||||||
Log-likelihood | -4520.5 | -4516.16 | -4490.25 | |||
AIC | 9150.996 | 9150.317 | 9118.499 | |||
BIC | 9533.688 | 9560.841 | 9598.603 | |||