Table 1 Demographic data and body fluid volumes for volunteers who voided < 1 L on any of the 8 days that urine was collected. The diet data represent the values obtained on each day that the urine volume was < 1 L. Data are the mean (SD) except where noted

Demographic data

 Age (years)

41 ± 12

43 ± 11

0.68

 Body weight (kg)

69 ± 12

75 ± 9

0.21

 Female/male (N)

8 / 1

8 / 3

0.37 ¹

Diet data

 Water intake ² (L)

1.81 ± 0.47

3.07 ± 1.11

0.001

 Liquid intake (L)

1.30 ± 0.45

2.38 ± 1.07

0.001

 Energy, total (kcal)

1,587 ± 502

2,047 ± 637

0.002

 Protein (g)

68 ± 22

87 ± 29

0.005

 Fat (g)

69 ± 32

94 ± 38

0.004

 Carbohydrates (g)

159 ± 89

188 ± 95

0.18

 Fibers (g)

11 ± 7

15 ± 7

0.013

Body fluid volumes

 ECV (L/kg body weight)

0.221 ± 0.020

0.216 ± 0.014

0.77

 ICV (L /kg body weight)

0.291 ± 0.050

0.278 ± 0.046

0.51

Biomarkers, urine

 Osmolality morning (mosmol/kg)

805 ± 191

571 ± 190

0.001

 Creatinine, morning (mmol/L)

14.6 ± 5.2

10.8 ± 5.6

0.001