Table 1 Characteristics of the studies
From: Genetic determinants of food preferences: a systematic review of observational studies
Study | Study Design | Location/Ethnicity | Sample (M, F) | Age (Years) | Health status | Food preference Assessment tools | Associated Trait | Gene | NOS Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ozawa, 2002 [25] | Cross-sectional | Japan/Japanese | 99(72m,27f) | 18–28 years (mean 20.4 years) | healthy | FFQ | preference and intake of cow’s milk | HLA genes (DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1) | 5 |
Mennella,2005 [69] | Cross-sectional | US/Different ethnicities | 114 | 35.3 ± 0.6 years | healthy | interview | sweet preferences | TAS2R38 | 4 |
Prado-Lima, 2006 [26] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | 240 | - | healthy | 24-h recall and FFQ | protein intake and animal food consumption | serotonin receptor 5-HT2A | 4 |
Keskitalo,2007 [9] | Cross-sectional | Finland | 146 (46m, 100f) | 49.0 ± 14.8 y | migraine | Questionnaire | sweet foods | - | 7 |
Mizuta, 2008 [27] | Cross-sectional | Japan | 2,620 | 64.33 | healthy | Questionnaire | Sweet food | LEP LEPR | 5 |
Bienertova-Vasku, 2008 [28] | case–control | Czech Republic | 185 | 50.0 | Obese and normal weight | A specific food records Questionnaire | percentage of protein, carbohydrates or fat or fiber in food | leptin, leptin receptor, adiponectin, proopiomelanocortin and ghrelin genes | 8 |
Bauer, 2009 [30] | Cross-sectional | Netherlands / Dutch | 1700 women | 57.22 ± 6.06 | healthy | semi quantitative, FFQ | Protein intake, Fat intake, Carbohydrate intake | FTO, MC4R, KCTD15, TMEM18 | 9 |
Bienertová-Vašků, 2010 [29] | Cross-sectional | Czech/ Caucasian | 409 | 18.1–73.9 | Obese and normal weight | 7-day food records | percentage of protein, carbohydrates or fat | leptin (LEP), LEP receptor (LEPR), adiponectin | 3 |
Ooi, 2010 [31] | Cross-sectional | Malaysia/Malays, Chinese and Indians | 215 (100 males, 115 females) | 21.3 ± 10.4 | healthy | Questionnaire | like or dislike of list of Asian vegetables, soy products and 37 sweet or fat foods | TAS2R38 | 3 |
Hayes, 2011 [32] | Cross-sectional | USA/ Mostly European ancestry (85%) | 96 (76% female) | 40.9 years ± 12.2 | healthy | general Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS) | Like/dislike of grapefruit juice and instant espresso | TAS2R16 TAS2R3 TAS2R4 | 5 |
Keller, 2012 [33] | Cross-sectional | USA/ African-American | 317(137 male and 180 female) | 35.5 ± 11.3 | healthy | self-reported questionnaire | Acceptance and liking score of different fat containing food | CD36 | 5 |
Pirastu, 2012 [34] | Cross-sectional | Caucasus (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan) | 478 (199 males and 279 females) | 36.2 ± 17.4 | healthy | Food preferences questionnaire | Liking ratings of 20 common foods | BDNF/BDNFOS CD36 GNB3 | 6 |
Eriksson, 2012 [36] | Cross-sectional | Israel | 14,604 | Healthy | interview | cilantro preference | GWAS | 7 | |
Brunkwall, 2013 [35] | Cross-sectional | Malmo in Sweden | 22,799 (8,797 men and 14,002 women) | - | healthy | 7-day menu book; 2) 168-item questionnaire | dietary intake from 27 food groups | FTO | 9 |
ERGÜN, 2013 [37] | Cross-sectional | Turkey | 178 (59 men and 119 women) | 28.72 ± 9.35 | Healthy | 3-day food records | food choices | hTAS2R38 | 3 |
Laaksone, 2013 [70] | Cross-sectional | Finland | 41 (32 females and 9 males) | 20–60 | healthy | a nine-point balanced hedonic scale | The liking of odor, appearance, and flavor of Wild bilberries and Wild crowberries’ juice, extract and juice + extract | hTAS2R38 | 3 |
Sasaki, 2013 [71] | Cross-sectional | Japan | 52 females | 21.6 (21–22) | healthy | FFQ | sweet preference | ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), ADRB3 (adrenergic b3 receptor) and AGT(angiotensinogen) | 5 |
Wakai, 2013 [39] | Cross-sectional | Japan | 5,430 (52.3% women) | 54.4 ± 10.9 | healthy | a self-administered questionnaire | Confectionery-intake score | GWAS ADIPOQ (adiponectin encoding gene) | 6 |
Pirastu, 2014 [40] | Cross-sectional | Italy/ Europe and Central Asia | 4066 (2389 female) | 49.3 | healthy | coffee-liking on a 9-point scale | Coffee Liking | 24 TAS2R genes | 7 |
Törnwall, 2014 [41] | Cross-sectional | Finland | 331 twins (146 men and 185 women) | 22 (21–25) | healthy | The Specific Food (SF) questionnaire | liking responses to food names representing sour, umami, and spicy flavor qualities | GWAS TAS1R1 PKD1L3 | 7 |
Hayes, 2015 [42] | Cross-sectional | USA/ mostly Caucasians (72%) | 246 (99 men) | 18–45 | healthy | The Specific Food (SF) questionnaire | liking of “unsweetened grapefruit juice.” | TAS2R19 TAS2R31 | 3 |
Robino, 2015 [43] | Cross-sectional | Italy/Caucasian | 647(285 males and 362 females) | 44.9 ± 12.4 | healthy | a 45-item food liking questionnaire | sweet foods | TAS1R2 GLUT2 | 8 |
Wallace, 2015 [44] | Cross-sectional | USA | 61 (34 female) | 18–33 | healthy | Pictures of eighty food items | food desirability and self-rated “healthy” and “unhealthy” food perceptions | Dopamine-related catechol-Omethyltransferase (COMT) | 6 |
Jayewardene, 2016 [45] | Cross-sectional | Australia | 56 (28 male and 28 female) | 24.9 ± 3.3 | healthy | self-reported habitual diet questionnaires | self-reported fat preference | CD36 | 6 |
Shen, 2016 [46] | Cross-sectional | UK/ mostly Caucasian (75%) | 136 (95 females and 41 males) | 18–55 | healthy | FFQ | liking of four vegetables) | hTAS2R38 CA6 | 5 |
Pirastu, 2016 [21] | Cross-sectional | Italy | 3856 (1591 men) | 49.5 | healthy | liking for each food on a scale ranging from 1 to 9 | Liking/disliking for 20 foods | GWAS | 7 |
Deshaware, 2017 [47] | Cross-sectional | India | 393 (212 males, 181 females) | 35.9 ± 12.0 | healthy | FFQ And a 59- item food list | preferences of fruits, vegetables and dairy products | TAS2R38 | 5 |
Risso, 2017 [48] | Cross-sectional | Italy /(mostly Italians (n = 111) | 183 (81 females | 42.71 ± 15.89 | healthy | questionnaire | a single 1-to-6 liking + consumption score | TAS2R1 TAS2R4 | 5 |
Shen, 2017 [49] | Cross-sectional | UK/ mostly Caucasian (75%) | 136 (95 females and 41 males) | 18–55 | healthy | FFQ, 3-day food diary | liking of ice cream and dietary fat intake | CD36 CA6 | 5 |
Bartáková, 2018 [50] | Cross-sectional | Czech Republic/ Caucasian | 363 pregnant women | Cases (33 [29–36]) Controls (32 [29–35]) | GDM (n = 293) Healthy (n = 70) | food frequency questionnaire | daily frequency of intake of eight categories of foods | TAS1R2 TAS2R7 | 3 |
Han, 2018 [51] | Cross-sectional | Australia | 30 | 27.4 (20–37) | healthy | access to a variety of foods | sweet foods | TAS1R1 TAS1R3 | 3 |
Lek, 2018 [52] | Cross-sectional | Malaysia/ Chinese(308), Indians (86) | 394 (161 males, 233 females) | 20.9 ± 0.12 | healthy | 7-point hedonic scale | The preference to high-fat Malaysian foods | DRD2 | 5 |
Perna, 2018 [53] | Cross-sectional | Italy | 118 (24 men and 94 women) | 45.28 ± 12.84 | healthy | A food preference questionnaire | Preference of 30 food items | TAS2R38 | 5 |
Eriksson, 2019 [54] | Cross-sectional | Sweden/ European ancestry | 127(60 male and 167 female) | 18–23 | healthy | habitual diet intake and food item preference | Score for food preference | TAS1R1, TAS1R2, TAS1R3, TAS2R16, TAS2R38, TAS2R50, SLC2A2, SLC2A4 | 5 |
Watanabe, 2019 [55] | Cross-sectional | Japan/Japanese | 53 (25 men and 28 women) | 24.3 ± 1.5 | healthy | self-reported questionnaire | rate the degree of bitter, sour, salty, sweet or greasy (high-fat) food preference | Beta3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) | 6 |
Hwang, 2019 [56] | Cross-sectional | UK/ White | 174,424 | 56.41 ± 7.9 | healthy | 24-h dietary recall questionnaires | Intake of total sugars Intake of sweets | FTO TAS1R2 TAS1R3 | 8 |
Pilic, 2020 [57] | Cross-sectional | UK/ mostly Caucasians (85%) | 95(32 males and 63 females) | 27.6 (18–35) | healthy | two 24-h dietary recalls | Dietary salt intake and preference of salty foods | SCNN1B TRPV1 | 6 |
Kawafune, 2020 [14] | Cross-sectional | Japan | 12,312 (female = 5759) | > 18 | healthy | internet-based questionnaires | The taste preference for sweetness | Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene | 8 |
Park, 2020 [58] | Cross-sectional | Korea | 8,842 (4,183 men and 4,659 women) | 40–69 years | healthy | Questions like: “Do you like sweet foods?”, “Do you like salty foods? Etc | Preferences for each taste | TAS1R2 SLC2A5 | 8 |
Choi, 2021 [59] | Cross-sectional | Republic of Korea/ Korean | 6620 (3194 males and 3425 females) | 51.4 | healthy | FFQ | Preference to carbohydrate- and fat-rich foods | CD36 | 9 |
Cornelis, 2021 [60] | Cross-sectional | USA: Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) | 86006 | 66.44 | Food Preferences Questionnaire | liking or consumption of coffee, tea and other bitter tasting foods | GWAS | 9 | |
Di´oszegi, 2021 [61] | Cross-sectional | Hungary/ Hungarian, Roma | Hungarian (n = 410) Roma (n = 387) | Hungarian: 44.3 ± 12.3 Roma: 42.8 ± 12.1 | healthy | food preference questionnaire | Rating of sweet-, fatty-, salty- and bitter-tasting food items | TAS1R3 CD36 | 9 |
Graham, 2021 [62] | Cross-sectional | UK/ Caucasian | 88 (49 females and 39 males) | 35 ± 1 | healthy | a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire | total carbohydrate, total fat | CD36 TAS2R38 | 5 |
Rana, 2021 [63] | Cross-sectional | Pakistan | 578 (321 male and 257 female) | 29.79 (20–63) | healthy | A self-reported questionnaire | Tendency toward fat-dense food | MC4R BDNF FTO TMEM18 NEGR1 | 5 |
Suzuki, 2021 [64] | Cross-sectional | Japan | 14,079 (55% women) | 54.8 ± 9.4 | healthy | a semi-quantitative FFQ | preference for a Japanese dietary pattern | GWAS | 9 |
Concas, 2022 [65] | Cross-sectional | Italy | 1124 (60.7% women) | 56.1 ± 16.5 | healthy | a questionnaire | Liking of different foods and beverages | CAV1 (caveolin 1) GWAS | 9 |
Fernández-Carrión, 2022 [66] | Cross-sectional | Spain/ Caucasian | 425 (183 man and 242 women) | 65.2 ± 4.7 | subjects with metabolic syndrome | A food liking questionnaire | The preference for sugary foods | GWAS PTPRN2 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type N2) | 8 |
May-Wilson, 2022 [67] | Cross-sectional | UK/ European descent | 161,625 | 37–73 | healthy | an online questionnaire comprising 152 items | Food-liking phenotypes | GWAS | 9 |
Narita, 2022 [68] | Cross-sectional | Japan/ Japanese | 52 (26 Male and 26 female) | 23.4 ± 3.1 | healthy | self-reporting questionnaire | participants were requested to rate their degree of bitter, sour, salty, sweet or greasy (high-fat) food preference | ADRB2 (human beta 2-adrenergic receptor) | 3 |