Table 2 Participant characteristics according to the presence or absence of depression

CES-D score

mean ± SD, n

8.7 ± 4.0

22.6 ± 6.1

9.0 ± 4.0

24.3 ± 7.5

Age^a

mean ± SD, years

43.3 ± 10.6

42.5 ± 10.3

0.993

40.6 ± 11.0

41.0 ± 11.6

0.909

Body mass index^a

mean ± SD, kg/m²

23.8 ± 3.6

23.9 ± 3.6

0.885

21.5 ± 3.2

21.6 ± 3.0

0.763

Overtime hours^b

median (25th–75th percentile), hours/month

5.0 (0.0–20.0)

5.0 (1.0–20.0)

0.676

5.0 (0.0–17.0)

2.0 (0.0–15.0)

0.096

Sleep duration^a

mean ± SD, hours/day

6.6 ± 1.0

6.5 ± 1.2

<0.001

6.5 ± 1.1

6.2 ± 1.1

<0.001

Energy intake^a

mean ± SD, kcal

1,944 ± 552

2,016 ± 633

0.164

1,713 ± 490

1,620 ± 481

0.444

Protein intake^a

mean ± SD, %E

14.8 ± 2.6

14.3 ± 2.8

0.315

15.8 ± 2.5

15.4 ± 2.4

0.143

Fat intake^a

mean ± SD, %E

25.3 ± 5.7

24.6 ± 6.1

0.175

27.8 ± 4.8

27.3 ± 5.0

0.301

Carbohydrate intake^a

mean ± SD, %E

60.0 ± 7.7

61.1 ± 8.2

0.279

56.3 ± 6.4

57.4 ± 6.8

0.570

Alcohol intake

Median (25th–75th percentile), g

8.3 (1.2–30.8)

4.5 (0.6–24.2)

0.151

0.5 (0.0–4.5)

0.2 (0.0–3.1)

0.398

Marital status^c

Married

n (%)

139 (73.2)

40 (65.6)

0.259

76 (67.3)

40 (67.8)

1.000

Not married

n (%)

51 (26.8)

21 (34.4)

37 (32.7)

19 (32.2)

Employment position^c

Manager

n (%)

30 (16.4)

6 (10.0)

0.296

2 (1.8)

1 (1.7)

1.000

General staff

n (%)

153 (83.6)

54 (90.0)

108 (98.2)

58 (98.3)

Regular exercise^c

Present

n (%)

105 (56.1)

26 (41.7)

0.055

40 (36.7)

15 (25.9)

0.121

Absent

n (%)

81 (43.9)

35 (58.3)

69 (63.3)

43 (74.1)

Smoking status^c,d

Non-smoker

n (%)

91 (49.2)

33 (55.0)

0.490

108 (95.6)

57 (96.6)

0.923

Previous smoker

n (%)

55 (29.7)

14 (23.3)

2 (1.8)

1 (1.7)

Current smoker

n (%)

39 (21.1)

13 (21.7)

3 (2.7)

1 (1.7)