Table 1 Characteristics of participants

Age, mean (SD)

41.99 (6.8)

42.24 (7.03)

41.82 (6.64)

0.192

Height (cm), mean (SD)

164.16 (9.16)

172.42 (6.73)

158.76(5.95)

≤ 0.001

Wight (kg), mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

72.33 (14.11)

70.80 (17.5)

80.17 (14.32)

78.7 (15.5)

67.21(11.35)

66.2 (13.6)

≤ 0.001

BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

26.75 (4.18)

26.4 (4.96)

26.9(4.14)

26.75 (4.65)

26.66(4.21)

26.12 (5.16)

0.54

Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

93.80 (10.34)

93.2 (12.9)

96.87(10.21)

96.3 (12)

91.8 (9.93)

91 (11.6)

≤ 0.001

Hip circumference (cm)

mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

102.44 (7.74)

102 (9.42)

102.71(7.65)

102.4 (9)

102.27 (7.8)

101.7 (9.7)

0.94

WHR, mean (SD)

0.92 (0.06)

0.94(0.05)

0.90(0.07)

≤ 0.001

E-DII, mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

-0.10 (1.97)

-0.14 (2.99)

0.72 (1.85)

0.8 (2.79)

-0.64 (1.85)

-0.78 (2.71)

≤ 0.001

Marital status, n (%)

Married

1986 (80.5)

890 (91.3)

1096 (73.5)

≤ 0.001

Single

480 (19.5)

85 (8.7)

395 (26.5)

Education level, n (%)

Under diploma and diploma

degree

239 (9.7)

155(15.9)

84 (5.6)

≤ 0.001

Post-diploma and bachelor’s degree

654 (26.5)

263(27.0)

391(26.2)

Master’s and Ph.D. degree

1573 (63.8)

557(57.1)

1016(68.1)

Smoking, n (%)

Nonsmoker

2273 (92.2)

787(80.7)

1486 (99.7)

≤ 0.001

Ex-smoker

64 (2.6)

62 (6.4)

2 (0.1)

Smoker

129 (5.2)

126(12.9)

3 (0.2)

Sleep quality, n (%)

Good

1228 (49.8)

538(55.2)

690(46.3)

≤ 0.001

Poor

1238 (50.2)

437(44.8)

801(53.7)

Physical activity, n (%)

low

518 (21)

186 (19.1)

332 (22.3)

≤ 0.001

Moderate

890 (36.1)

319 (32.7)

571 (38.3)

High

1058 (42.9)

470 (48.2)

588 (39.4)

Chronic diseases, n (%)

Yes

408 (16.5)

138 (14.2)

270 (18.1)

0.01

No

2058 (83.5)

837 (85.8)

121 (81.9)

Chronic diseases, n (%)

Hypertension

173 (7.0)

81 (8.3)

92 (6.2)

0.042

Diabetes

78 (3.2)

35 (3.6)

43 (2.9)

0.328

Cancer

19 (0.8)

3 (0.3)

16 (1.1)

0.34

Depression

188 (7.6)

38 (3.9)

150 (10.1)

≤ 0.001