Table 1 Patients’ baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes according to tertiles of the energy achievement rate

Characteristic

 7-day energy achievement rate^a

16.8 (7.8–22.7)

38.8 (35.3–44.0)

73.4 (63.5–87.6)

< 0.0001

 7-day energy supply (kcal)

1500 (810–2025)

3156 (2895–3873)

5500 (4334–7277)

< 0.0001

 7-day protein supply (g)

67.5 (48–122)

130 (100–158)

209 (150–279)

< 0.0001

Percentage of macronutrients (%)

 Carbohydrates

56 (33–64)

63 (56–63)

63 (34–65)

0.43

 Protein

20 (15–34)

19 (15–20)

20 (17–20)

0.069

 Fat

24 (15–33)

18 (15–25)

17 (15–25)

0.97

Age, years

77 (71–82)

74 (66–80)

76 (69–83)

0.42

Male sex, n (%)

22 (70.9)

18 (58.1)

15 (48.4)

0.22

BMI on ICU admission (kg/m²)

21.4 (18.4–23.4)

20.5 (19.5–23.7)

20.4 (18.4–21.7)

0.58

SMA on ICU admission (cm²)

107.5 (87.8-123.8)

94.7 (81.2-132.4)

84.9 (68.7–98.3)

0.015

Comorbidity, n (%)

 Malignancy

7 (22.6)

8 (25.8)

3 (9.7)

0.25

 Hypertension

11 (35.5)

9 (29.0)

5 (16.1)

0.27

 Diabetes mellitus

8 (25.8)

12 (38.7)

10 (32.3)

0.59

 Heart failure

4 (12.9)

6 (19.4)

7 (22.6)

0.71

 Chronic kidney disease

6 (19.4)

3 (9.7)

2 (6.5)

0.37

 Chronic liver disease

1 (3.2)

2 (6.5)

3 (9.7)

0.87

 Chronic lung disease

1 (3.2)

3 (9.7)

2 (6.5)

0.87

Charlson comorbidity index

7 (5–7)

6 (4–8)

6 (5–7)

0.57

SOFA score on admission

9 (5–12)

10 (9–13)

9 (6–13)

0.18

APACHE II score

25 (18–28)

26 (22–30)

23 (20–28)

0.85

mNUTRIC score

6 (4–7)

6 (5–7)

5 (5–7)

0.36

Septic shock, n (%)

18 (58.1)

10 (32.3)

13 (41.9)

0.34

Steroid use before admission, n (%)

6 (19.4)

3 (9.7)

4 (12.9)

0.66

Etiology of sepsis, n (%)

 Pneumonia

3 (9.7)

10 (32.3)

6 (19.4)

0.10

 Urinary tract infection

17 (54.8)

10 (32.3)

12 (38.7)

0.22

 Intra-abdominal infection

5 (16.1)

3 (9.7)

5 (16.1)

0.81

 Other

6 (19.4)

8 (25.8)

8 (25.8)

0.87

CT interval (days)

8 (7–10)

8 (7–10)

8 (7–9)

0.75

Nutritional intervention, n (%)

 Parenteral nutrition

  Total parenteral nutrition

9 (29.0)

12 (38.7)

14 (45.2)

0.63

  Peripheral parenteral nutrition

4 (12.9)

1 (3.2)

0 (0.0)

0.12

 Enteral nutrition

  Gastric tube feeding

14 (45.2)

17 (54.8)

17 (54.8)

0.78

  Jejunal tube feeding

4 (12.9)

1 (3.2)

0 (0.0)

0.12

 Enteral and parenteral nutrition

11 (35.5)

11 (35.5)

8 (25.8)

0.64

Outcome

 Percent changes in SMA (%)

-8.5 (-15.5 to -1.7)

-11.7 (-18.0 to -1.9)

2.8 (-7.1 to 10.1)

0.0046

 In-hospital 28-day mortality, n (%)

7 (22.6)

9 (29.0)

6 (19.4)

0.75