Higher bioavailability of magnesium citrate as compared to magnesium oxide shown by evaluation of urinary excretion and serum levels after single-dose administration in a randomized cross-over study

Background

The development of several disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and osteoporosis, has been linked to suboptimal dietary magnesium (Mg) intake. In this context, a number of studies have tried to investigate which Mg compounds are best suited for Mg supplementation. Results suggest that organic Mg compounds are superior to the inorganic Mg oxide in terms of bioavailability, but a reliable statement cannot yet be made due to systematic differences in the applied study designs.

Methods

This single-center, randomized, open, 2-period, 2-supplementation, 2-sequence, single-dose, cross-over study was conducted in 20 healthy male subjects of Caucasian origin to investigate and compare the bioavailability of Mg citrate, an organic Mg compound, and Mg oxide, an inorganic Mg compound. In order to reliably assess the bioavailability of both Mg compounds, subjects were supplemented with magnesium to saturate their Mg-pools before administration of each study product. The bioavailability of both Mg compounds was then assessed by measurement of the renally eliminated Mg quantity during an interval of 24 h after single-dose Mg administration (A_{e 0-24h}) as primary endpoint. Additionally, the Mg concentrations in a subset of leukocytes, in erythrocytes and in serum were measured on an exploratory basis.

Results

After administration, A_{e 0-24h} of magnesium was higher for Mg citrate than for Mg oxide. A_{e 0-24h} for both study products was compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA), revealing an adjusted mean difference of 0.565 mmol, which was statistically significant at the 5% level (95% confidence interval of 0.212 to 0.918 mmol, p = 0.0034). Besides, serum Mg concentrations were statistically significantly higher for Mg citrate than for Mg oxide at several time points after administration. No statistically significant difference was shown in intracellular Mg contents.

Conclusions

This study confirms former study results showing a higher bioavailability of the organic Mg compound Mg citrate compared to Mg oxide. It can be concluded that Mg citrate, similar to other organic Mg compounds, may be more suitable than Mg oxide to optimize the dietary magnesium intake.

Trial registration

Retrospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12615001268538) on November 19, 2015.

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential electrolyte and plays a central role in various cellular functions [1]. Over the last 30–40 years, the dietary intake of Mg has declined in many industrialized countries due to changes in food preparation and nutritive behavior [2]. Studies suggest that wide sections of the population are at risk of developing chronic latent Mg deficiency [3–5].

Suboptimal dietary Mg intake has been implicated in the development of several disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and osteoporosis [2, 6, 7], underlining the importance of sufficient magnesium intake.

Several oral preparations to supplement dietary Mg intake are currently available on the market. They differ in the type of dosage form or the type of Mg compound used, which can be inorganic (e.g., Mg oxide) or organic (e.g., Mg citrate).

Human studies have tried to investigate which Mg compounds are best suited for Mg supplementation by determining and comparing their respective bioavailability [8–14]. Their results suggest that Mg supplementation with organic magnesium compounds such as Mg citrate, Mg aspartate and Mg aspartate-hydrochloride might be more efficient than with the inorganic Mg oxide. However, those results are difficult to compare due to systematic differences in study design and analyses of parameters. Measuring Mg absorption is complicated by the fact that Mg physiologically occurs in several compartments of the human body and the Mg serum concentrations, although easily accessible, are extraordinarily well-regulated, making it difficult to use serum concentration-time curves for measuring bioavailability [15]. The amount of renally excreted magnesium in Mg-replete individuals after an oral Mg load has been proposed as a clinically relevant measure of Mg absorption [9, 14–17].

After administration of Mg and intestinal absorption, the Mg-pools in the bones fill up first. Bone contains about 60% of total body Mg, whereas the remaining 40% is stored in soft tissue [18]. Systemic Mg distribution highly fluctuates and the rate and extent of Mg absorption depend on the filling state of those Mg-pools. The daily renal excretion of Mg depends on the absorbed amount of Mg from the diet and on the filling state of the Mg-pools. Transfer of magnesium from serum into urine begins immediately when the pools are saturated, about 1-2 h after absorption [16]. In contrast, the uptake of Mg into body organs is slow. As a result, the replenishing of depleted Mg-pools requires a supplementation with rather high amounts of magnesium over a relatively long time [16]. Therefore, an adequate duration of Mg administration in order to saturate the Mg-pools is essential when the bioavailability of Mg is studied by renal excretion after oral administration of a Mg product [9, 13, 15, 16, 19].

In order to obtain consistent results and to reliably assess bioavailability of both Mg compounds by measuring the renally eliminated Mg quantity, subjects in this study were first supplemented with magnesium to completely fill their Mg-pools before study product administration. During the initial Mg saturation phase of 5 days, subjects received five single doses of 100 mg magnesium as Mg citrate a day. An intermediate Mg saturation phase of 2 days was introduced between the administrations of the different study products to ensure that the Mg-pools of the subjects remained filled. Additionally, subjects’ dietary Mg intake was standardized throughout the study. Filling status of Mg-pools was examined by comparison of baseline Mg excretion after both Mg saturation phases.

Comparability to formerly published results is warranted by also analyzing the Mg content in blood serum and cellular blood components (monocytes and lymphocytes as well as erythrocytes). Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was used to determine Mg in urine and monocyte and lymphocyte samples. Magnesium content in erythrocytes was determined by a combination of a clinical chemistry method and flame atomic absorption spectrometry, whereas the serum samples were analyzed spectrophotometrically.

The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability of Mg oxide and Mg citrate after single-dose administration following Mg saturation.

Study design and objectives

This study was conducted in Germany as a single-center, randomized, open, 2-period, 2-supplementation, 2-sequence, single-dose, cross-over study to compare the bioavailability of two different Mg compounds: Mg citrate and Mg oxide. Both Mg compounds were provided as capsules (please refer to the methods’ subsection study products below for more information).

The bioavailability of magnesium was assessed by measuring the renally eliminated Mg quantity during the interval of 24 h after Mg administration (A_{e 0-24h}) as primary endpoint. Additionally, and on an exploratory basis, the magnesium concentrations in a subset of leukocytes (i.e., monocytes and lymphocytes) as well as in erythrocytes and the magnesium concentration in blood serum were measured (please refer to the methods’ subsection sample collection and analyses below for details regarding the analytical methods).

All target parameters of the study were objective variables that could not be influenced by intention of the study subjects. Due to the cross-over design, subjects served as their own control for the parameters under investigation. The integration of a placebo group and the blinding of products administered were not considered necessary.

Study subjects and eligibility criteria

A total of about 20 healthy male subjects of Caucasian origin aged between 18 and 45 years (inclusive) were to be included in this study. Only male subjects were eligible because the female hormone estrogen affects Mg distribution and therefore Mg excretion [20].

Subjects were only included if they had a body mass index (BMI) within the range of 18.0 to 29.0, a normal blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥95 ≤ 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure ≥55 ≤ 90 mmHg), a resting pulse of ≥45 and ≤95 bpm, a normal digestion (i.e., no current obstipation or diarrhea), a normal renal function (serum-creatinine <1.2 mg/dL), an ECG recording without clinically significant abnormalities and if they reported no febrile or infectious illness for at least 7 days prior to the Screening Visit.

Illnesses or use of medication with influence on renal function (e.g., diabetes, diuretics), conditions which might interfere with the absorption of the study products (e.g., cholecystectomy, bowel resection) or any gastrointestinal complaints within 7 days prior to the Screening Visit were considered criteria for exclusion. Additionally, subjects presenting with symptoms of Mg deficiency (e.g., muscle cramps or fasciculations) as determined by physical examination and anamnesis or any active physical disease (acute or chronic) were excluded. Moreover, clinical chemical, hematological or any other laboratory parameters (i.e., urinalysis and serology) clinically relevant outside the normal range as judged by the investigator were considered criteria for exclusion.

Those with any history of chronic or recurrent metabolic, renal, hepatic, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, neurological, endocrinological, immunological, psychiatric or cardiovascular disease and bleeding tendency were also excluded. Moreover, a history of alcohol or drug abuse, chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, drug hypersensitivity, asthma, urticaria or other severe allergic diathesis as well as acute symptoms of hay fever were considered criteria for exclusion.

Also excluded were current smokers, subjects reporting a history of smoking within the last 3 months or those who consumed >35 g of ethanol regularly per day, respectively >245 g ethanol regularly per week or more than 5 cups of coffee (or equivalent) per day. Moreover, consumption of alcohol or xanthine-containing food or beverages (e.g., coffee or black tea) as well as grapefruit juice was not allowed within 48 h prior to first administration of magnesium. Alcohol consumption was determined by questioning and regular alcohol breath tests.

Study flow and procedures

The study consisted of a Screening Visit, an In-house Phase and an End-of-Study Visit. Subjects were screened for eligibility within 14 to 2 days prior to the In-house Phase. Figure 1 presents an overview of the study schedule.

Study schedule

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The In-house Phase included two profile days (P1 and P2). P1 was preceded by an initial magnesium saturation phase of 5 days, followed by one stop-of-saturation day (S1). P1 and P2 were separated by an intermediate magnesium saturation phase of 2 days, followed by another stop-of-saturation day (S2). The End-of-Study Visit was performed on the day after last study product administration. The stop-of-saturation days were integrated in the study schedule to avoid distortion of renal magnesium excretion on profile days by the high magnesium load administered during the saturation phases.

During the magnesium saturation phases, five single doses of 100 mg magnesium were to be taken at approximately 08.00 am, 10.00 am, 01.00 pm, 04.00 pm, and 06.00 pm together with 200 mL of water of normal Mg content (approximately 15 mg/L) each. On stop-of-saturation days, subjects did not receive magnesium supplementation.

In the morning of each profile day at about 08.00 am to 09.00 am, the subjects received a single dose of 300 mg Mg in the form of Mg citrate or Mg oxide after an overnight fast of at least 8 h. Immediately after intake, the subjects were to drink 200 mL of water of normal Mg content. Water was allowed until 1 h prior to administration.

During the In-house Phase, all subjects received a balanced, mixed diet containing approximately 300 to 400 mg magnesium per day. The diet was composed by a dietitian according to standard nutrient tables. On each profile day, standardized meals (i.e., identical meals) were provided. On each profile day, starting 2 h after administration, non-carbonated water of normal Mg content at room temperature was served.

On study days with urine sampling, subjects were requested to follow a standardized drinking schedule. Subjects were to drink 200 mL of water of normal Mg content every 2 h. An additional portion of 200 mL water was to be drunk together with lunch. On the other study days, subjects were free to consume water of normal Mg content in common amounts. Subjects were asked to drink approximately 2 l a day.

Study products

The test product was Magnesium Verla® purKaps capsules, containing the organic magnesium compound magnesium citrate, marketed by Verla-Pharm Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG, Germany. The product is also marketed under the trade name Xenofit® Magnesiumcitrat pure in Germany. Each capsule provides a dose of 150 mg elemental magnesium.

The reference product was Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln capsules, containing the inorganic magnesium compound magnesium oxide, manufactured by HERMES Arzneimittel GmbH, Germany. Each capsule provides a dose of 300 mg elemental magnesium.

For the saturation phases, capsules containing magnesium citrate (100 mg elemental magnesium per capsule) were used.

All study products were supplied by Verla-Pharm Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG, Germany.

Sample collection and analyses

Urine

Urine was collected over 24 h in nine fractions (0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-12, 12-14, 14-16 and 16-24 h) on stop-of-saturation days and on profile days.

Directly after the first micturition, urine samples were acidified with 200 μL highly purified concentrated HNO_3. After each micturition, samples were mixed and stored at 2-8 °C. The volume of each fraction was recorded and two aliquots per fraction (5 mL each) were filled in sample shipment tubes. Samples were stored under continuous temperature control below -20 °C and were shipped frozen on dry ice to the bioanalytical site (Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany).

Urine samples were analyzed for total Mg content by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), using a “Spectro Ciros Vision” system (Spectro-Ametek, Kleve, Germany). ICP-OES has been established for more than 35 years for trace element analysis in biological matrices. This technique determines elements, such as magnesium, as total element content, independently of their physico-chemical state (oxidation state or chemical binding form) [21, 22].

Instrumental parameters: Sample introduction was performed by the instrument’s peristaltic pump at 1.0 mL/min and a Meinhard nebulizer which was fitted into a cyclone spray chamber. The measured spectral element line was: Mg 279.079 nm.

The radio frequency (RF) power was set to 1000 W; the plasma gas was 15 L Ar/min and the nebulizer gas was 600 mL Ar/min. Analytical quality control for Mg determination was performed by analysis of blanks and certified control standards (PE# N0691745, Perkin Elmer Pure) after every ten samples. Accuracy of measurements was determined according to IUPAC guidelines [23] by analysis of an adequate certified standard reference material, BCR® 304, from the Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) of the European Union. The found value was 1.85 ± 0.01 mmol/L and the certified value is 1.85 ± 0.03 mmol/L, resulting in an accuracy of 100%. The serial precision (N = 10) was 1.9% and the day-to-day precision (N = 10) was 2.3%.

Monocytes and lymphocytes

On profile days, blood samples (15 mL) were collected at predose, 9 and 24 h post dose in heparinized plasma tubes. The anticoagulated blood was diluted with 7.5 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS), mixed and carefully poured into Leucosep® tubes (Greiner Bio-One, No. 227288). Samples were centrifuged for 15 min at 1000 × g at room temperature. After centrifugation, the interphase containing monocytes and lymphocytes was harvested and washed twice with PBS. In the end, the cells were pelleted by centrifugation and the remaining liquid supernatant was removed. Cell pellets were stored under continuous temperature control below −20 °C and shipped frozen on dry ice to the bioanalytical site (Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany).

Cell pellets were lysed in suprapure HNO₃ and analyzed for total Mg content by ICP-OES analogously to the urine samples.

Erythrocytes

Blood samples for determination of total Mg concentration in erythrocytes (2.7 mL for hematocrit determination and 1.2 mL for Mg measurement in whole blood) were taken on profile days at predose, 9 and 24 h post dose. The blood samples were collected in closed potassium EDTA tubes. Blood samples for Mg measurement were stored and shipped at 2-8 °C. Samples for hematocrit determination were stored and shipped at room temperature. The bioanalytical analyses were performed by the contract laboratory Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Muenchen Zentrum, Munich, Germany.

Hematocrit (Hct) was measured with a particle counter and calculated by the number of erythrocytes and their mean cellular volume. It represents the proportion of erythrocytes in whole blood (in Vol %).

Magnesium concentration in serum (MGA) was measured directly by a clinical chemistry method. Magnesium concentration in whole blood (MGV) was measured directly by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The intra-assay precision ranged from 1.4 to 3.7% and the inter-assay precision ranged from 3.2 to 5.2%. The limit of detection was 0.03 mmol/L and the lower limit of quantification was 0.07 mmol/L.

The magnesium concentration in erythrocytes (MGER) was calculated as follows:

Serum

On profile days, blood samples (2.6 mL) were collected at predose, 60 min, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 24 h post dose in closed serum tubes.

Immediately after taking, the samples were incubated at room temperature for at least 20 min but no longer than 60 min for clotting. To ensure comparability, the preferred incubation time was 30 min. Thereafter, samples were centrifuged at room temperature and 1700 × g for 10 min. The complete resulting serum supernatant was then transferred into polypropylene tubes and shipped to the bioanalytical site (Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Muenchen Zentrum, Munich, Germany).

Serum samples were analyzed for Mg²⁺ content by a spectrophotometric method. The intra-assay precision ranged from 0.49 to 3.7% and the inter-assay precision ranged from 0.30 to 3.33%. The lower limit of quantification was 0.29 mmol/L.

Statistics

Sample size calculation

Considering an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for a difference of means in a 2 × 2 cross-over, a sample size of N = 18 was determined to reach 80% power for the primary endpoint. The calculation was performed using nQuery Advisor + nTerim 2.0® software with the following assumptions: mean difference = 5%, standard deviation (SD) of difference = 8%, power ≥80%.

In order to allow for withdrawals, at least 20 subjects were to be randomized.

Randomization

On Profile Day 1, subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 following sequences of study product administration:

• Sequence 1 - Period 1: Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln; Period 2: Magnesium Verla® purKaps.

• Sequence 2 - Period 1: Magnesium Verla® purKaps; Period 2: Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln.

The randomization code for assigning random numbers to sequence groups was created using SAS® 9.4 software.

Statistical analyses

At first, the renally excreted Mg quantity during the interval of 24 h after Mg administration (A_{e 0-24h}) was calculated from the nine urine fractions taken and was analyzed by descriptive statistics for each group.

In order to compare the bioavailability of the test and reference product, an ANOVA was performed. Based on the result of a Kolmogorov-Smirnov data normality test, raw data or log-transformed (natural logarithm) values were used for the ANOVA. The ANOVA was performed at the 5% level [P < 0.05], two-sided, using SAS® 9.4 software. Effects considered in the ANOVA model were: study product, sequence, period and subject within sequence.

Statistical significance at a level of 5% was given if the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the adjusted mean difference resulting from the ANOVA did not include zero, respectively if the adjusted mean ratio resulting from the ANOVA with log-transformed data (log-ANOVA) did not include 1.

The statistical analyses of the Mg concentrations in a subset of leukocytes, in erythrocytes and in serum were carried out analogously to the analysis of the primary endpoint.

Subjects

A total of 24 subjects signed informed consent and were screened for this study. One subject did not meet eligibility criteria and three subjects withdrew consent after Visit 1. Twenty male Caucasian subjects, who fulfilled all the inclusion criteria and in whom no exclusion criterion was present were included into the study and were randomized. All 20 subjects completed the study.

All 20 subjects were healthy male Caucasians. Age ranged from 19 to 42 years, with the statistical mean (SD) at 28.3 (5.97) years. Height varied from 171 to 193 cm, with the statistical mean (SD) at 182.1 (5.61) cm. Weight was between 63.0 and 88.6 kg, with the statistical mean (SD) at 77.4 (7.63) kg. BMI was between 18.8 and 28.1, with the statistical mean (SD) at 23.4 (2.54). Key demographic characteristics of the study subjects are summarized in Additional file 1: Table S1 in the online material.

Analyses

Urine

On stop-of-saturation days, the mean (SD) A_{e 0-24h} of magnesium before administration of Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln was 6.9 (1.23) mmol and 7.0 (1.67) mmol before administration of Magnesium Verla® purKaps (please refer to Table 1, Fig. 2 and Additional file 2: Figure S1). The ANOVA indicated a similar baseline between groups, with an adjusted mean difference of 0.145 mmol (95% CI ranged from −0.276 to 0.565 mmol; p = 0.4784). Therefore, it can be concluded that the subjects’ Mg-pools were filled to about the same extent before administration of either of the study products and magnesium bioavailability via renal elimination could be compared reliably.

Difference in A_{e 0-24h} of magnesium on stop-of-saturation days and on profile days. The difference in A_{e 0-24h} of magnesium is significantly higher on profile days than on stop-of-saturation days. Stop-of-saturation: The difference in A_{e 0-24h} of magnesium between both stop-of-saturation days (i.e., A_{e 0-24h} before the administration of Magnesium Verla® purKaps minus A_{e 0-24h} before the administration of Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln); Profile day: The difference in A_{e 0-24h} of magnesium between both profile days (i.e., A_{e 0-24h} after administration of Magnesium Verla® purKaps minus A_{e 0-24h} after administration of Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln); Biolectra = Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln; Verla = Magnesium Verla® purKaps. The bottom and top edges of the box indicate the intra-quartile range (IQR), i.e., the range of values between the first and third quartiles (the 25th and 75th percentiles). The diamond inside the box indicates the mean value, whereas the horizontal line represents the median value. The whiskers are drawn from the box to the most extreme point that is less than or equal to 1.5 times the IQR. Values outside of this range are displayed as closed circles

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On profile days, the primary parameter A_{e 0-24h} of magnesium was higher for Magnesium Verla® purKaps, with mean (SD) of 7.2 (1.48) mmol as compared to 6.7 (1.43) mmol after administration of Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln (please refer to Table 1).

The data did not need to be log-transformed prior to the ANOVA as the results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test had not led to a rejection of the null hypothesis of data normality. As presented in Table 1 and Fig. 2, the ANOVA to compare A_{e 0-24h} for both study products revealed an adjusted mean difference of 0.565 mmol, which was statistically significant at the 5% level (95% CI of 0.212 to 0.918 mmol, p = 0.0034).

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Mean (SD) magnesium concentration in monocytes and lymphocytes before administration of Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln was 0.11 (0.034) mg/L and therefore largely identical to the value measured before administration of Magnesium Verla® purKaps, with 0.12 (0.043) mg/L (please refer to Table 2 and Fig. 3).

Mean (SEM) magnesium concentration at different time points in monocytes and lymphocytes. Biolectra = Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln; Verla = Magnesium Verla® purKaps. The standard error of the mean (SEM) is depicted by bars

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The data did not need to be log-transformed prior to the ANOVA as the results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test had not led to a rejection of the null hypothesis of data normality.

The ANOVA to compare the magnesium concentration in monocytes and lymphocytes revealed adjusted mean differences, which were not statistically significant at the 5% level (Table 2) at all time points measured, with point estimates of 0.013 mg/L for predose (95% CI of −0.004 to 0.030 mg/L; p = 0.1235), 0.005 mg/L for 9 h post dose (95% CI of −0.012 to 0.002 mg/L; p = 0.1614), and −0.007 mg/L for 24 h post dose (95% CI of −0.018 to 0.005 mg/L; p = 0.2424).

Erythrocytes

Mean (SD) magnesium concentration in erythrocytes before administration of Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln was 2.27 (0.400) mmol/L and therefore largely identical to the values measured before administration of Magnesium Verla® purKaps with 2.24 (0.439) mmol/L (please refer to Table 2 and Fig. 4).

Mean (SEM) magnesium concentration at different time points in erythrocytes. Biolectra = Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln; Verla = Magnesium Verla® purKaps. The standard error of the mean (SEM) is depicted by bars

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The data did not need to be log-transformed prior to the ANOVA as the results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test had not led to a rejection of the null hypothesis of data normality.

The ANOVA to compare the magnesium concentration in erythrocytes revealed adjusted mean differences, which were not statistically significant at the 5% level (Table 2) at all time points measured, with point estimates of −0.022 mmol/L for predose (95% CI of −0.233 to 0.189 mmol/L; p = 0.8294), −0.001 mmol/L for 9 h post dose (95% CI of −0.116 to 0.113 mmol/L; p = 0.9784), and 0.028 mmol/L for 24 h post dose (95% CI of −0.106 to 0.162 mmol/L; p = 0.6655).

Serum

Mean (SD) serum Mg concentration before administration of Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln was 0.87 (0.042) mmol/L and therefore identical to the values measured before administration of Magnesium Verla® purKaps with 0.87 (0.042) mmol/L (please refer to Table 3).

The ANOVA with log-transformed data (log-ANOVA) indicated a similar baseline between groups, with an adjusted mean ratio of magnesium in serum of 1.00 (95% CI ranged from 0.98 to 1.01; p = 0.5169) at pre-dose.

Starting from 2 h post dose, the mean magnesium concentration in serum was higher for Magnesium Verla® purKaps than for Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln until 24 h after dosing when serum magnesium concentrations for both products returned to the predose value (Fig. 5).

Mean (SEM) magnesium concentration at different time points in serum. Biolectra = Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln; Verla = Magnesium Verla® purKaps. The standard error of the mean (SEM) is depicted by bars

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As the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test showed that the data were not normally distributed at the time points of 2 and 4 h after administration of magnesium, the data used for the ANOVA were log-transformed (log-ANOVA). For the time points 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after administration, the log-ANOVA to compare serum magnesium concentrations resulted in adjusted mean ratios, which were statistically significant at the 5% level, showing superior magnesium absorption for Magnesium Verla® purKaps (please refer to Table 3). Point estimates were 1.03 for 2 h post dose (95% CI of 1.01 to 1.04; p = 0.0008), 1.03 for 3 h post dose (95% CI of 1.02 to 1.04; p < .0001), 1.03 for 4 h post dose (95% CI of 1.01 to 1.04; p = 0.0016), 1.03 for 5 h post dose (95% CI of 1.01 to 1.04; p = 0.0036), and 1.02 for 6 h post dose (95% CI of 1.01 to 1.04; p = 0.0026).

No statistical significance was shown for the time points 60 min, 9 h and 24 h after administration. Point estimates of adjusted mean ratios were 1.01 for 60 min post dose (95% CI of 1.00 to 1.02; p = 0.1991), 1.02 for 9 h (95% CI of 1.00 to 1.03; p = 0.0979), and 1.00 for 24 h post dose (95% CI of 0.99 to 1.01; p = 0.8756).

The aim of this study was to investigate the bioavailability of Mg citrate, an organic Mg compound, and Mg oxide, an inorganic Mg compound after single-dose administration following Mg saturation.

Validity of the study design, based on the measurement of the renally excreted amount of magnesium, was shown by reproducible baseline Mg excretion after saturation in either study product sequence, thus underlining the reliability of the study results.

After administration, the primary parameter A_{e 0-24h} of magnesium was higher for Mg citrate than for Mg oxide. The comparison of A_{e 0-24h} for both products by ANOVA showed an adjusted mean difference that was statistically significant, demonstrating that the organic Mg compound Mg citrate of the test product Magnesium Verla® purKaps was superior to the inorganic Mg compound Mg oxide of the reference product Biolectra® Magnesium 300 mg Kapseln in terms of bioavailability. This result is confirmed by serum Mg concentrations which were statistically significantly higher for Magnesium Verla® purKaps at the time points 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after administration, showing superior Mg absorption.

No statistically significant difference between Mg citrate and Mg oxide was shown when comparing intracellular magnesium concentrations (in monocytes and lymphocytes or erythrocytes). The determination of intracellular Mg concentrations may possibly not be a suitable model for the assessment and quantification of a quick wash-in of this mineral nutrient in form of a single-dose administration. The reliability of intracellular Mg concentrations after long-term Mg supplementation remains to be established.

Since the homeostatic regulation of serum Mg is extraordinarily effective, the absorbed Mg disappears very quickly from the circulation; i.e., the absorbed Mg is distributed into body stores and excreted renally (in this case, after saturation of the body stores, the absorbed magnesium will not be stored, but excreted renally). Therefore, it is commonly assumed that changes of serum Mg concentration after a single oral magnesium dose are difficult to measure [15].

To date, two studies have directly compared the bioavailability of Mg citrate and Mg oxide preparations of similar elemental Mg content [11, 14]. Although Walker et al. [14] showed that the administration of a single dose of Mg citrate led to significantly higher serum Mg concentrations when compared to Mg oxide, they could not report a statistically significant difference in bioavailability between both magnesium preparations when comparing renally excreted magnesium after single-dose administration.

The present study provides more consistent results concerning the bioavailability of both Mg compounds. This might be due to the systematic Mg saturation of the study subjects’ Mg-pools before single-dose Mg administration and the standardization of their dietary Mg intake. Both of these measures were not taken in the study by Walker et al. [14] which could explain the discrepancies in the results.

The present study confirms the results of Lindberg et al. [11], who also found a higher Mg elimination, and hence better absorption after supplementation with Mg citrate compared to Mg oxide.

The present results further support the general scientific opinion that the inorganic Mg compound Mg oxide is not as easily absorbable as organic Mg compounds [24]. Several studies showed that organic Mg compounds, such as Mg aspartate-hydrochloride or Mg lactate, generally have a higher bioavailability than Mg oxide [12, 13]. Therefore, the supplementation with Mg citrate, similar to other organic magnesium compounds, may be more suitable to achieve an optimal dietary magnesium intake in comparison to the supplementation with Mg oxide.

Although the present study was conducted exclusively in male Caucasian subjects, the results are transferable to females. To date, no scientific evidence indicates that the intestinal Mg absorption differs between the sexes. It has been shown, however, that estrogen influences Mg distribution and excretion [20]. Since the concentration and fluctuation of this hormone is higher in females, only male subjects were included in this study to standardize the measurement of the renally eliminated magnesium quantity which served as an indirect measure of Mg absorption and therefore bioavailability.

In summary, the present study confirms former study results showing a higher bioavailability of the organic Mg compound Mg citrate over the inorganic Mg compound Mg oxide. It can be concluded that Mg citrate, similar to other organic Mg compounds, may be more suitable than Mg oxide to optimize the dietary magnesium intake which, if too low, is associated with an increased risk for the development of several disorders.

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

Ar:

Argon

BMI:

Body mass index

CI:

Confidence interval

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Hct:

Hematocrit

HNO₃ :

Nitric acid

ICP-OES:

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

IQR:

Intra-quartile range

IRMM:

Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

log-ANOVA:

ANOVA with log-transformed data

MGA:

Magnesium concentration in serum

MGER:

Magnesium concentration in erythrocytes

MGV:

Magnesium concentration in whole blood

P1:

Profile day 1

P2:

Profile day 2

PBS:

Phosphate buffered saline

RF:

Radio frequency

S1:

Stop-of-saturation day 1

S2:

Stop-of saturation day 2

SD:

Standard deviation

SEM:

Standard error of the mean

Not applicable.

Funding

Verla-Pharm Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG, Germany funded this study.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available at the moment as it is planned to submit other research work based on this data in the future. Interested parties may contact the corresponding author for additional information. The data supporting the conclusions of this article are reported in the manuscript and in the Additional files 1 and 2.

Authors’ contributions

DK and WT designed the study; DK, WT and IH conducted the study; BM analyzed the urine and cellular samples; JH performed the statistical analysis; DK, WT, JH, IH, CH and NN contributed to the data interpretation. NN drafted the manuscript. All authors read, revised and approved the manuscript.

Competing interests

The funding sponsor was involved in the design of the study, but not in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; Verla-Pharm Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG, Germany decided to publish the results, but was not involved in the writing of the manuscript. The authors declare no competing interests.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Bavarian Medical Association on April 27, 2015 (Ethics Committee Reference No.: 15030). Study subjects were recruited via internet advertisement. They were given oral and written information about the aims and procedures of the study and written informed consent was obtained from them.

Affiliations

1. Inamed GmbH, 82131, Gauting, Germany

   • Dominik Kappeler
   • , Irene Heimbeck
   • , Christiane Herpich
   • , Natalie Naue
   •  & Wolfgang Timmer

2. Staburo GmbH, 81549, Munich, Germany

   • Josef Höfler

3. Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany

   • Bernhard Michalke

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dominik Kappeler.

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